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Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Cyanobacteria: Implications for Bioremediation and Crop Enhancement
(Book Rivers, 2026) Pratibha, Alvina Farooqui
Cyanobacteria, a group of oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes, have emerged as pivotal organisms in ecological sustainability due to their remarkable resilience under environmental stress. Found across diverse habitats, they possess the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and synthesize protective extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in response to abiotic and biotic challenges. This chapter explores the structural classification, stress response mechanisms, and biotechnological roles of cyanobacteria. Special attention is given to their applications in agriculture, including biofertilization, soil enrichment, and crop protection, as well as their role in bioremediation by sequestering toxic metals. The chapter also emphasizes how cyanobacteria's molecular and biochemical strategies, such as ROS signaling, EPS production, and stress protein expression, position them as key contributors to sustainable agriculture and environmental management.
Behavioural Biases of Gen Z and Millennial Investors: A Review of Risk Perceptions and Decision-Making in Financial Markets
(Shodh Sandarsh, 2025) Mohd Faiz Khan, Shujauddin Khan
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the behavioural biases influencing Generation Z and Millennial investors, emphasizing their distinct risk perceptions and financial decisions in contemporary markets. In contrast to traditional investors, these generations exhibit significant digital exposure, reliance on FinTech platforms, and heightened social influence, which amplify cognitive and emotional biases. The paper highlights key biases such as overconfidence, herding, loss aversion, anchoring, confirmation bias, disposition effect, and mental accounting, examining their impact on portfolio decisions, trading frequency, and long-term investing success. The influence of social media, gamification in investment applications, and peer-based financial communities on altering risk perceptions is particularly noteworthy. Evidence suggests that while younger investors exhibit a greater propensity for adopting novel financial products and demonstrate higher risk tolerance, they remain significantly susceptible to behavioural biases that may distort rational decision-making. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on behavioural finance by synthesizing evidence regarding investment psychology across generations and offers implications for policymakers, educators, and financial institutions to formulate targeted interventions that foster informed and resilient investing behaviours among future generations.
Essential Oils from Cymbopogon Flexuosus: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Applications, And Cultivation
(Book Rivers, 2026) Nargis Aftab, Ahamad Faiz Khan
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemongrass, is an aromatic plant widely appreciated for its diverse therapeutic, culinary, and industrial applications. Belonging to the Poaceae family, this herb is a rich source of essential oils (EOs), primarily citral, which is extensively used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and the flavor industry. Historically used in traditional medicine, lemongrass exhibits a broad spectrum of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insect-repellent properties. Its cultivation spans tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with India being a major producer and exporter. Recent research emphasizes the potential of its EOs as a natural alternative to synthetic additives in both human and animal health. This chapter highlights the biosynthesis, extraction and impact of plant growth retardants on the production of essential oil. It also explores the taxonomy, morphology, phytochemical composition, cultivation practices, pharmacological relevance, and global economic importance of C. flexuosus, advocating its role in sustainable agriculture and natural product development.
Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Advances in Breast Cancer
(Book Rivers, 2026) Heena Bano, Rahul Singh
Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with multifactorial etiologies encompassing genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. It stands as one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women worldwide, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation within the breast tissue. Advances in molecular biology have uncovered significant insights into tumorigenesis, including the pivotal roles of genes such as BRCA1/2, p53, and HER2, alongside critical pathways like apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Contemporary diagnostic approaches integrate traditional methods such as mammography with sophisticated genomic profiling to enable early detection and personalized treatment planning. Therapeutic strategies have evolved from conventional chemotherapy and surgery to include targeted therapies and immunotherapy, enhancing treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and treatment side effects persist. This chapter aims to provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms underlying breast cancer development, molecular diagnostics, current therapeutic interventions, and emerging treatment paradigms.
Physical Properties, Extraction, Stability, and Applications of Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana
(Book Rivers, 2026) Farhana Trannum, Soban Ahmad Faridi
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, commonly known as the "sweet herb of Paraguay," is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family renowned for its intensely sweet glycosides—primarily stevioside and rebaudioside A—which are over 200 times sweeter than sucrose. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Stevia’s botanical origin, chemical constituents, agronomic potential, and diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Emphasis is placed on the plant’s health-promoting attributes, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which have elevated its status as a safe, natural alternative to synthetic sweeteners. In addition to reviewing traditional and modern extraction techniques—such as hot water, solvent extraction, supercritical CO₂, and microwave-assisted extraction—the chapter explores the metabolic fate and digestibility of steviol glycosides in the human gastrointestinal system. With increasing global demand and regulatory approvals in countries such as the U.S., Japan, and India, Stevia presents substantial opportunities for sustainable agriculture, public health, and the development of functional food products. The chapter concludes by highlighting its potential for commercialization and the need for further optimization of extraction and formulation strategies.