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Sustainability, Risk and Future Challenges in Agricultural Economics
(A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
Agricultural economics has traditionally focused on improving productivity, efficiency and farm incomes through better allocation of scarce resources. However, in the contemporary context, the discipline faces a far more complex and demanding task. Agriculture today operates under mounting pressures arising from environmental degradation, climate variability, market volatility, demographic changes and technological disruptions. Sustainability and risk have emerged as central themes shaping agricultural decision-making at farm, regional, national and global levels. This chapter presents an in-depth academic
discussion on sustainability, risk and future challenges in agricultural economics. It examines the concept of sustainability in its economic, environmental and social dimensions; analyzes different forms of risk inherent in agriculture; and explores how farmers, institutions and policymakers respond to uncertainty. The chapter also reflects on emerging challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, globalization, technological transformation and inequality.
Agricultural Policies, Institutions and Rural Development
(A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
Agriculture has always occupied a central place in the economic, social and cultural life of rural societies. Beyond food production, agriculture provides employment, shapes rural livelihoods and influences patterns of development and equity. Agricultural policies and institutions play a decisive role in determining how effectively the agricultural sector contributes to rural development. Well-designed policies can stimulate productivity, stabilize farm incomes, promote equity and encourage sustainable use of natural resources, while weak or poorly implemented policies may deepen rural poverty and regional disparities. Institutions, both formal and informal, act as the channels through which policies are translated into action on the ground. This chapter presents a comprehensive academic discussion on agricultural policies, institutions and rural development, examining their interrelationships, evolution and practical significance. It explores the objectives and instruments of agricultural policy, the role of institutions in implementation and the broader impact of these frameworks on rural livelihoods, infrastructure, social development and sustainability.
Cost of Cultivation, Returns and Farm Profitability Analysis
(A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
Cost of cultivation and farm profitability analysis form the backbone of agricultural economics and farm management studies. While agricultural production is often viewed through the lens of yields and output, the true success of farming lies in its economic viability. Farmers operate under conditions of limited resources, uncertain weather, fluctuating market prices and rising input costs. In such a scenario, understanding the cost structure of cultivation, estimating returns accurately and analysing profitability are essential for informed decision-making. This chapter presents an in-depth academic discussion on the concepts, components and methods of cost of cultivation, returns and farm profitability analysis. It explores different cost concepts, measurement of returns, indicators of profitability, enterprise-wise analysis and their relevance in practical farm management. The chapter also discusses how cost and return analysis supports technology adoption, crop planning, risk management and policy formulation.
Farm Production Economics and Resource Use Efficiency
(A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
Farm production economics is concerned with how farmers organize and manage scarce resources to produce agricultural output in the most efficient and profitable manner. In a world where land, water, labour, capital and energy are increasingly limited, the question is no longer only how much to produce, but how efficiently production can be carried out. Resource use efficiency lies at the heart of farm production economics, as it directly influences farm income, sustainability and long-term viability of agricultural systems. This chapter presents a comprehensive academic discussion on farm production economics and resource use efficiency, focusing on economic principles, production relationships, input–output analysis, cost structures, decision-making processes and efficiency measurement at the farm level. It also explores practical dimensions such as technology adoption, risk and uncertainty, labour and capital use and environmental considerations.
Teacher Education for Vocational and Skill Development
(Book Rivers, 2025) Priyanshi Gupta
The demand for a skilled and job-ready workforce is rising in today's rapidly transforming economies, making vocational and skill-based education a critical component of national development. As mediators of knowledge and practice, teachers are pivotal in implementing vocational education effectively. However, this demands a reformed approach to teacher education that aligns with the needs of modern industries, technologies, and learners. This chapter explores the comprehensive framework required for preparing teachers for vocational and skill-based education, highlighting the current gaps in teacher training, the integration of vocational education into mainstream schooling, and the development of pedagogies that support practical and industry- relevant skills. The chapter concludes by underscoring the need for systemic reforms, capacity building, and collaboration among stakeholders to ensure the effective delivery of skill-based education across educational institutions.