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Future Generation Elastic Optical Networks: A State-of-Art Review
(Springer, Singapore, 2024) Sudhakar, A. M. Khan, Deepak Batham
The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology is widely used in optical communication networks that provide bandwidth up to 10 Tbps, but these networks are unable to meet the emerging demands of heterogeneous, high, and flexible bandwidth traffic. To cater to these issues, elastic optical networks (EONs) have become the best solution for the torrent of flexible Internet traffic demands. In view of these, the advanced modulation format techniques such as BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM are used in EONs for the high-speed data transmission and the establishment of the lightpath (i.e., optical path between the source and the destination nodes) which is adjusted based on the client's need. In this paper, the broad review of literature has been presented and classifies the routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) problem in EONs with their main features and shortcomings. Apart from that, various aspects of fragmentation, modulation technology, quality-of-transmission, traffic grooming, survivability, energy savings, and network traffic scheduling are discussed in brief. Based on the thorough study, we identify the major research challenges which open huge opportunity for the researchers in the flexible technology-based EONs.
A Review on Major Phytochemicals Benefits for Environment & Human Health
(Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women, NH-47, Salem-Kovai express highway ,Veerachipalyam, Sankagiri - west(Po.),Sankagiri (Tk.), Salem (Dt.), Tamilnadu – 637 303, India, 2026) Irfan Aziz, Mohammad Usama
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds present in plants. These include carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoprenoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Scientific studies have established a relationship between the consumption of phytochemicals and its beneficial impact on human health. They play a major role as antioxidants, anti inflammatory agents, modulating metabolic functions and as immune boosters. They are helping in mitigating oxidative stress and prevention of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular problems. Nowadays, foods containing phytochemicals are also used as a constituent i.e. functional foods and the concentrated form of phytochemicals i.e. nutraceuticals are used as a preventive measure or cure for many diseases. The health benefits of these phytochemicals depend on their purity and structural stability. This is the reason for popularization of these phytochemicals in nutraceutical industry. Phytochemicals are also reported to be used in environment as an eco-friendly pest control, bioremediation, and for understanding plant adaptation to climate change.
A Review on Detection of Species Extinction Risk Through Artificial Intelligence
(Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women, NH-47, Salem-Kovai express highway ,Veerachipalyam, Sankagiri - west(Po.),Sankagiri (Tk.), Salem (Dt.), Tamilnadu – 637 303, India, 2026) Mohammad Usama, Irfan Aziz
Species extinction is a major concern for sustenance of ecosystem and its conservation.Species are exposed to different levels of threats due to over exploitation, habitat loss, climate change, introduction of invasive species, genetic assimilation and pollution. These challenges ultimately lead to complete disappearance of species from the face of the Earth, known as the extinction of species. With the advent of artificial intelligence, interest in stimulated in assessment of risk to species. These risks or threats responsible for species extinction can now be detected by automated analysis of vast and complex
ecological datasets. This helps in real time monitoring and tracking of endangered animals. Computer vision, machine learning, and acoustic sensors are employed in detection of species extinction risk. Artificial intelligence process camera trap footages, images and audios for tracking population of species, identification of threats such as poaching and prediction of habitat loss. AI algorithms are able to detect, in real time, hunting activities, forests fires and distress in animals., requiring immediate intervention. Machine learning models help in predicting species extinction risk by analyzing ecosystem interactions and helping in preventing extinction cascades. AI models are able to connect field data with satellite imagery for generating maps indicating likelihood of
habitat availability for endangered species. Automated Wildlife Monitoring Platforms such as Conservation AI and Wildlife Insights are employing models such as SpeciesNet for analyzing millions of images and videos from drone and camera-trap footages. This automation can identify species with an accuracy of around 99%. AI tools such as Perch analyze soundscapes for identification of rare species and can monitor health of biodiversity through bird calls.
सावित्रीबाई फुले
(Rachnakar Publishing House, New Delhi, 2026) Smita Srivastava, Anju Singh
प्राचीन काल में नारी का स्थान समाज में महत्वपूर्ण और सम्मानित था। उन्हें शिक्षित करने पर महत्व दिया गया और कई भारतीय नारी विदुषी मानी जाती थी। अनेक कवियों और लेखकों ने नारी के गुना और शक्तियों का वर्णन किया ,उदाहरण के लिए सावित्री दमयंती और गार्गी जैसे पात्रों ने अपने ज्ञान और साहस से समाज में पहचान बनाई । ऋग्वेद और उपनिषदों ने ज्ञान और दर्शन के क्षेत्र में प्रमुख भूमिका निभाई। महिलाएं वेदों और शास्त्रों का अध्ययन करती थी और समाज में सम्मानित स्थान प्राप्त करती थी मध्यकालीन भारत में स्त्री शिक्षा की स्थिति कमजोर होती गई ,और विदेशी आक्रमणों पितृ सत्तात्मक विचारधारा और धार्मिक कट्टरता के कारण महिलाओं की शिक्षा पर पाबंदियां लगा दी गई। इस समय महिलाओं को घरेलू कार्यों तक ही सीमित कर दिया गया और उनकी शिक्षा को अनदेखा किया गया। पर्दा प्रथा, सती प्रथा जैसी कुरीतियों के कारण महिलाएं समाज में और भी हाशिये पर चली गई ब्रिटिश शासन के दौरान भारत में आधुनिक शिक्षा का आरंभ हुआ और इस समय कुछ समाज सुधारक महिलाओं की शिक्षा के लिए आवास उठने लगे। इनमें राजा राममोहन राय ईश्वर चंद्र विद्यासागर ज्योति राव फुले और सावित्रीबाई फुले जैसे प्रमुख नाम शामिल है । सावित्रीबाई फुले उसे समय भारतीय समाज की पहली महिला शिक्षक और समाज सुधारक थी उनका जीवन केवल एक व्यक्तिगत यात्रा नहीं थी बल्कि यह एक सामाजिक क्रांति की कहानी थी। जिसने भारतीय समाज के विभिन्न पहलुओं को प्रभावित किया उनका योगदान न केवल शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में बल्कि महिलाओं के अधिकारों और सामाजिक न्याय के लिए भी अविस्मरणीय है।
The Therapeutic and Protective Potential of Lupeol in Immune Modulation and Disease Prevention
(CRC Press, 2025) Saima Khan, Mohd Khubaib
Lupeol is a phytosterol and triterpene mainly derived from edible vegetables and fruits, and possesses therapeutic and preventive properties against various diseases. It has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on T-cell activation and cytokine production, playing an important role in immune regulation. Lupeol regulates the immune response by suppressing excessive T-cell activation, cytokine production, and inflammatory responses through modulation of pathways such as p-38 and NF-kB, thereby enhancing the immune response in progressive diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Additionally, lupeol enhances Th1 immune responses by shifting the balance from the Th2 domain, increasing T cells and Th1 cytokines, promoting delayed-type hypersensitivity, and upregulating genes involved in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production during infection. Additionally, it exhibits immunosuppressive effects by reducing inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ and IL-2, which may help regulate immune responses during infections. This makes lupeol a therapeutic compound useful in managing immune responses in inflammatory diseases.