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Coumarin: A Versatile Therapeutic Agent
(Book Rivers, 2026) Mohammad Imran Ahmad, Abdul Rahman Khan
Coumarins, a class of oxygen heterocyclic compounds belonging to the benzopyrone family, are abundant in various plants, such as tonka beans. These natural and synthetic compounds and their derivatives possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, including anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. Although higher doses of coumarin may induce hepatotoxicity but they have also been shown significant health benefits by reducing the risk of cancer and other neurological and cardiovascular disorders.
This chapter delves into the therapeutic applications of coumarin compounds. Additionally, the chapter highlights the potential challenges and future directions in coumarin research, aiming to optimize their therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects.
An Introduction to Chalcone Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents
(Book Rivers, 2026) Chandra Shekhar Yadav, Minaxi B. Lohani
Chalcone derivatives, a prominent class of organic compounds belonging to the flavonoid family. have garnered significant attention for their diverse biological activities, particularly their antimicrobial potential. Structurally characterized by an a, B-unsaturated carbonyl system, chalcones exhibit remarkable versatility in modulating biological targets. These abstract highlights the exploration of chalcone derivatives as effective antimicrobial agents against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Chalcone derivatives are essential in various fields of natural disciplines. These are plant-derived polyphenolic compounds that display several biological activities and play significant roles in research and medicine. Chalcones have been reported to have many therapeutic activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimalarial, etc. Therefore, many compounds with different medicinal properties have been developed recently based on the chalcone skeleton. Structural modifications, such as the incorporation of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents, significantly enhance their potency and spectrum of activity. Moreover, the synergistic effects of chalcones when combined with conventional antibiotics underscore their potential in overcoming drug resistance.
Influence of Plasticizers on Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Properties developed from Polystyrene
(Book Rivers, 2026) Suneel, Devendra Pratap Mishra
Starch is a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer belongs to class of polysaccharide. Present hydroxyl group in starch form hydrogen bond with H2O molecules which makes it semi synthetics biodegradable polymer. The present observation is on polystyrene film and plasticized potato starch (PPS) blend through injection moulding method laboratory scale. Three samples were produced along in 5, 10 and 15% composition of polystyrene and potato starch using modifier like Sorbitol, Glycerol and Urea. Developing approaches toward biodegradable properties in polystyrene were analyzed by chemical treatment, water absorption test, and soil burial test in compost medium in 20, 30, 40 and 60 days interval, which indicates a continuous decrease in weight with increased plasticizers contents and number of days. Variation in mechanical properties like tensile strength, izod impact strength is also measure and compare with reference material.
Advancements in Powertrain Architectures and Energy Management Strategies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: A Mechanical Engineering Perspective
(İstanbul, Türkiye, 2025) Mohd Saad Saleem, Saimah Khan
This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the revolutionary developments in electric and hybrid vehicle powertrain technologies from 2020 to 2025. The analysis reveals that series-parallel hybrid systems have achieved market dominance with 89% growth in 2024, while advanced energy management strategies demonstrate potential for 20-35% overall system efficiency improvements. The integration of emerging technologies such as solid-state batteries with 750-mile range potential and multi-phase motor architectures achieving 10% efficiency gains represents a paradigm shift toward sustainable transportation solutions. From a mechanical engineering perspective, the field faces critical challenges in thermal management system design, vibration control for in-wheel motor applications, and the integration of advanced power electronics with traditional mechanical systems.
The Study on Extraction Process and Analysis of Components in Black Pepper and White Pepper
(Book Rivers, 2026) Saimah Khan, Afifa Baig, Abdul Rahman Khan
Black pepper is one of the most commonly consumed spices, and its pungency is due to the presence of an alkaloid known as piperine, volatile chemical constituents, and essential oils. Piperine is found in black pepper (piper nigrum), white pepper, and long pepper (piper longum) belonging to the family Piperaceae. Piperine represents diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-larvicidal, pesticide, anti- ortantly piperine is known as the bioavailability enhancer. The study aims to explore the extraction of piperine from different species of pepper, its total synthesis, pharmacokinetic study and various biological activities of piperine. In this study the black pepper seeds were collected from local market of Lucknow, India. The extraction was done by using two extraction process - Steam distillation process and Soxhlet extraction process by optimizing conditions that affect the extraction process. Result demonstrated that in steam distillation process 50 gram of black pepper and white pepper dissolved in 300 ml distilled water undergo double distillation process for 3hours the obtained essential oil yield is 9.2% and 7.88% of black pepper and white pepper respectively whereas from soxhlet process the extracted oil yield for 3 hours is 12.03% and 10.5% of black pepper and white pepper respectively. From the result it was conducted that the % yield of essential oil (EO) obtained from both black pepper and white pepper using both the extraction follows the order:
% yield EO using soxhlet extraction > % yield of EO using steam distillation.
It was also concluded that the %yield of the EO obtained from black pepper is greater than that of the white pepper.