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3D Improve Zero Memory Set Partitioned Embedded BloCK Coding Algorithm for Hyperspectral Image
(The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2026) Purushottam Lal Nagar, Shrish Bajpai, Naimur Rahman Kidwai
Hyperspectral imaging maintain a crucial role for the remote sensing technologies. But, the amount of image data produce by the image sensors is huge, thus handling of this image data become an issue with the sensor and it’s performance. A compression algorithm is required to save the sensor memory, reduce data complexity and improves sensor performance. In past, many compression algorithms had been proposed but transform based compression algorithms performed better than other type of compression algorithms such as embeddedness, high coding efficiency and low coding complexity. Wavelet transform based compression algorithm has low coding memory and 3D Zero Memory Set Partitioned Embedded bloCK (3D-ZM-SPECK) achieve zero coding memory but has slightly low coding efficiency. To obtain higher coding efficiency, present compression algorithm is an advance version of 3D-ZM-SPECK which exploits spectral redundancy to achieve the high coding efficiency. It has been noticed from the simulation results on two different images that present compression algorithm high coding efficiency (∼4% to 5%) and zero coding memory requirement.
Mathematical Transform Based Set Partition Hyperspectral Image Compression Algorithms : A Comparative Review
(The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2026) Osama Saleem, Shrish Bajpai, Divya Sharma, Naimur Rahman Kidwai
Hyperspectral imaging has been extensively investigated as an emerging, promising technique for multiple domains. Originally derived from remote sensing, this technology now incorporates both machine vision and point spectroscopy within its scope of use. The end result is the transfer of hyperspectral images in large quantities from sensors to analysis centers and then, finally, to data centers using this method. Compression algorithms are used to ensure that these large-sized hyperspectral images are stored in a manner that is both efficient and secure. Compression algorithms using mathematical transforms works for lossy and lossless environment, which make it proper choice for the image sensors. Set partitioned based compression algorithms is a sub category of mathematical transform based algorithms which utilized the property of wavelet transform set structure to achieve the compression of image. This survey focuses on different hyperspectral image compression algorithms which utilized mathematical transform to achieve the compression. Additionally, we evaluate the most effective algorithms in terms of their coding efficiency and provide a detailed analysis of the primary factors that influence compression performance. Also, coding memory and embeddedness is also covered in the comparative analysis.
Understanding Science Teachers’ Epistemic Beliefs and Their Pedagogical Practices
(Sciencedomain International, 2026) Manisha Singha, Waseem Zahra
Teaching depends on two main pillars: the teacher's epistemic beliefs and their pedagogical practices. The first pillar adds to the theoretical framework, and the second pillar focuses on the practical aspect. The objectives of the present study are to analyse the relationship between science teachers’ epistemic beliefs and their pedagogical practices; to identify specific areas of alignment and misalignment between teachers’ epistemic beliefs and their teaching practices in science, and to explore how incomplete or inaccurate epistemic beliefs about the nature of science influence instructional decisions and teaching strategies. The study is qualitative in nature. The sample size is 50 in-service science teachers teaching classes from 6th to 12th grade, selected through purposive sampling. The interview findings revealed a nuanced relationship between science teachers’ epistemic beliefs and their pedagogical practices, showing that while many have sophisticated views, a significant "theory-practice disparity" exists. Notable misalignments occur when underdeveloped beliefs regarding the nature of science lead to passive, teacher-centred instruction rather than constructivist methods. These findings suggest that contextual barriers, such as rigid curricula and limited resources, often impede the operationalisation of epistemic beliefs, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to align theoretical understanding with classroom enactment.
A Study to Explore Emerging Trends and Innovation in Digital Marketing
(Book Rivers, 2026) Ali Raza, Priyanka Bajpai
As time passes, businesses are adapting to various digital marketing strategies as it helps them connect with the consumers effectively. With the continuous evolution of technology - new innovations and trends are developed that change the nature of the relationship businesses have with consumers. The focus of this research is to highlight the most recent trends and advancements pertaining to digital marketing with reference to effect of various digital marketing tools primarily SEO, SEM, SMM and AI technologies. The study also emphasizes the important relationship between consumer behaviour and digital marketing tool, and the importance
of all the above for market growth. Methodology of the study considers primary and secondary data sources it utilizes. The data utilized in the study is collected from Rajesh’s Aircon Group of Companies. To gain primary data, the study involved 160 respondents using the survey approach with the help of a questionnaire. In the end, they examined and analysed the data collected by SPSS version 26.0.
Marketing Strategies for Ventura Sales and Services PVT. LTD.
(Book Rivers, 2026) Faiz Hashmi, Priyanka Bajpai
With an emphasis on sustainability, this document describes Ventura Sales and Services Pvt. Ltd.'s (VSS) marketing strategies. Businesses today must implement sustainable practices to fulfil their corporate social responsibilities (CSR) and stay competitive, given the increased emphasis on environmental responsibility around the world. The goal of the suggested marketing techniques is to establish Ventura Sales and Services as a long-term leader in its sector. VSS can improve its brand image, draw in eco-aware customers, and boost customer loyalty by combining traditional and digital marketing, sustainability programs, and strategic alliances.