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Exposure of nano-formulations to vegetable crops and resulting changes in morpho-physiological, anatomical, and molecular features
(Academic Press, 2026) Garvit Verma , Ayeesha Khatoon, Aisha Kamal
This chapter explores the diverse impacts of nano-formulations, such as nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-coatings, and nano-sensors on vegetable crops, focusing on their morpho-physiological, anatomical, and molecular responses. Nano-particles (NPs), owing to their nano-scale size, enhanced surface properties, and controlled-release behavior, enable targeted delivery of nutrients and protective agents. Their application has been shown to improve seed germination, vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and nutritional quality in various vegetables. At the anatomical level, NPs influence root architecture, vascular development, and leaf structure, which collectively enhance water and nutrient uptake. Molecular studies reveal that NPs modulate gene expression linked to stress signaling, antioxidant defense, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Importantly, nano-enabled interventions also contribute to improved abiotic stress tolerance and post-harvest preservation by reinforcing plant defense systems and inhibiting microbial spoilage. However, these advancements are accompanied by critical challenges, including phytotoxicity at high doses, oxidative stress, potential genotoxicity, and adverse effects on soil microbial ecology. The chapter highlights the variability in plant responses based on nano-particle type, size, concentration, and species-specific factors. It also emphasizes the urgent need for standardized risk assessment frameworks, long-term field studies, and regulatory guidelines to ensure safe and effective application. By synthesizing current research and identifying knowledge gaps, this chapter provides a comprehensive perspective on the promise and pitfalls of nanotechnology in vegetable crop production, paving the way for responsible innovation in sustainable agriculture.
Pen, Pixel, or Paraphrase? Investigating the Relationship between Note-taking Modalities and Graduate Learning Outcomes
(Sciencedomain International, 2026-05-07) Manisha Singh, Waseem Zahra
The paper addresses the relationship between note-taking modalities and learning outcomes among graduate students and specifically examines how this relationship is mediated by cognitive processing. The study analyses the connection between different styles of note- taking, including one's own word summarising, structured/systematic, analogue, digital, and verbatim note-taking, and academic performance, based on the cognitive load theory and the generative learning model. A structured survey was used to gather data from 88 graduate students, and the data were analysed using Spearman's rank-order correlation since they were not normally distributed. The findings show that note-taking in one's own words has the strongest positive association with achievement, followed by structured note-taking, with verbatim transcription showing the weakest association. The digital and analogue modalities demonstrate the same level of success, which means that the medium does not have as significant an influence as cognitive engagement. The mindfulness of students in relation to note-taking as an active, metacognitive process that helps to understand, organise, and revise is also evidenced by qualitative data. The research is an addition to the existing literature that has placed cognitive processing as one of the key processes linking the activities of note taking with the learning outcomes, particularly in graduate learning which is cognitively demanding. The conclusions reflect the need to have pedagogical tools that promote active change and systematization of information.
Automatic Control Systems (with Matlab Programs)
(S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 2026) Syed Mohammad Saeed
Nanotechnology Advances in Composting
(Springer, Cham, 2026) Faria Fatima, Deepti Srivastava, Abdul Mazeed, P. Smriti Rao
Nanotechnology is now developing and growing more quickly across a variety of industries. Nanoparticles (NPs) enter the composts in various ways as a result of this development. First, NPs may inadvertently enter composts through surface runoff, buried solid waste, waste discharge, or direct dumping into waste (food, medicine, consumer goods, and personal care items). Second, a novel strategy created to speed up waste breakdown and act as a nutrient for plants is the deliberate mediation of NPs in the composting process. Nanotoxicity may result from the presence of NPs in the composts. On the other hand, their existence may also be advantageous in situations like soil reclamation, degradation, etc. On the other hand, all living things, including microbes, benefit from metal nanoparticles (NPs) in a number of biological activities, including transcription, oxidative stress responses, respiration, precursor biosynthesis, and DNA replication. NPs perform admirably in a variety of domains, and it is worthwhile to investigate their function in the composting process. As a result, this chapter contributes to the comprehension of NPs’ function in the composting process and the extent to which their presence can be advantageous. The importance of NPs in the composting process, the performance of microbial bioprocesses during nanocomposting, the fundamental life cycle assessment (LCA) of NP-mediated composting, and the mechanism of action of NPs in the soil matrix are all reviewed in this chapter. Additionally, this chapter clarifies the concept of nanozymes and emphasizes their biocatalytic characteristics, which will be useful for researching composting in the future.
Constructing Digital Selves: Social Media, Identity Formation, and the Politics of Polarization
(Kavya Publications, 2026) Faizan Haque, Shoaib Hasan, Jawed Akhatar
This chapter critically examines how social media platforms function as key sites for the construction, negotiation, and contestation of identity in an increasingly polarized digital world. Moving beyond the celebratory narrative of connectivity, it interrogates how algorithmic architectures, platform capitalism, and mediated communication shape contemporary subjectivities and intensify ideological divides. Drawing on theories of identity formation, public sphere debates, and digital sociology, the chapter argues that social media does not merely reflect pre-existing social divisions but actively structures and amplifies them. The chapter explores how digital identities are curated through performative self-presentation, symbolic interaction, and affective engagement, while simultaneously being shaped by surveillance, datafication, and algorithmic visibility. It analyses the emergence of echo chambers, filter bubbles, and networked publics, highlighting how personalization technologies reinforce homophily and political polarization. Particular attention is given to identity politics, online nationalism, gendered digital spaces, and the circulation of misinformation within polarized communities. By situating social media within broader structures of inequality, class, caste, race, gender, and global power hierarchies; the chapter demonstrates that polarization is not only ideological but deeply socio-structural. It concludes by reflecting on the implications for democratic discourse, deliberative engagement, and possibilities for digital inclusion in a divided world.