Browsing by Author "Syed Hasan Saeed, Shailendra Kumar"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2

AI-Enabled Taste Sensing: Electronic Tongue Technologies for Food, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Applications
(Book Rivers, 2026) Syed Hasan Saeed, Shailendra Kumar
The electronic tongue (e-tongue) is an analytical instrument that uses an array of chemical sensors with broad, overlapping (partially selective) responses and multivariate pattern-recognition algorithms to classify and quantify the taste-related properties of liquid samples. From its first conceptual formulations in the 1990s, when simple lipid/polymer membranes, metallic electrodes, and voltametric cells dominated the scene, the e-tongue has seen its analytical toolbox diversified and its practical applications extended to beverage and pharmaceutical industries. However, with the recent availability of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, the e-tongue has entered a new stage of development where the analytical power is distributed not only in the sensor part but also in the computational layer. This chapter aims to provide a critical review of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted taste sensing and its applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields. The chapter first introduces the principles of taste perception, based on which the e-tongue was originally designed, and discusses the concept of global selectivity, sensor arrays, and multivariate calibration/models. A thematic literature review follows, highlighting trends in both sensor and data-analysis technologies, and the main section compares different transduction principles (potentiometric, voltametric, impedimetric, optical, piezoelectric, bioelectronic), data-analysis pipelines from pre-processing to interpretability, and applications from beverage tasting to biomedical screening. The key message is that the e-tongue is better seen as a substitute for human panels on a given chemical space and with a given set of samples. The limitations and challenges include sensor drift, the lack of portability, insufficient datasets for AI training, and limited validation and standardization. The final section outlines the future directions for e-tongue research.
Electronic Nose Protocol for Authentication of Coffee and Tea A Critical Review of Biomimetic Sensor-Array Technology for Food Authenticity Assurance
(Book Rivers, 2026) Syed Hasan Saeed, Shailendra Kumar
Coffee and tea are among the most traded and most frequently adulterated agricultural commodities, and their authentication (by species, geographical origin, processing method, and freshness) remains a persistent analytical challenge. This chapter critically examines the electronic nose (e-nose) as a rapidly available, non- destructive protocol for authenticating coffee and tea against adulteration, mislabelling, and quality fraud. It begins by locating the e-nose in the theoretical framework of biomimetic olfaction and multivariate chemometrics, before reviewing a decade of empirical studies applying metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor arrays, pattern recognition algorithms, and machine learning to distinguish coffee varieties, roast levels, and adulterants, and to distinguish tea origins, storage times, and qualities. A generalized protocol (headspace sampling, sensor-array acquisition, chemometric preprocessing, and classification/regression modelling) is presented and evaluated against confirmatory techniques such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The chapter argues that, although e-nose systems routinely achieve high classification accuracies in controlled studies, sensor drift, limited standardization, and restricted transferability impede their adoption to routine regulatory practice. Implications for quality assurance, consumer protection, and policy are discussed, and priority areas for future research identified.