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Item 3D-printed polymer composites for electrochemical energy storage(Woodhead Publishing, 2026) Ekhlakh Veg, Tahmeena KhanAdditive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites: Materials Processing, Structural Designs and Applications Edited by: Yasir Beeran Pottathara, Hanuma Reddy Tiyyagura, Kalim DeshmukhItem Synthesis and Pharmacological Potential of Pyrimidine Derivatives in Neurodegenerative Diseases(Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, 2026) Vasundhara Yadav., Malik NasibullahPyrimidine derivatives represent a vital class of heterocyclic compounds with broad pharmacological applications, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) [1]. These disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter imbalance [2]. This review systematically analyzes recent advances (2010-2025) in the synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine-based compounds. Various synthetic methodologies, including cyclization, multicomponent reactions, and nucleophilic substitution, have been employed to generate structurally diverse derivatives [3]. Pharmacological studies demonstrate that these compounds exhibit significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities [5], [6]. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicates that substitution patterns on the pyrimidine ring critically influence biological activity [4]. Overall, pyrimidine scaffolds offer promising potential for the development of multi-target-directed ligands for neurodegenerative diseases.Item Advancements in Powertrain Architectures and Energy Management Strategies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: A Mechanical Engineering Perspective(İstanbul, Türkiye, 2025) Mohd Saad Saleem, Saimah KhanThis chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the revolutionary developments in electric and hybrid vehicle powertrain technologies from 2020 to 2025. The analysis reveals that series-parallel hybrid systems have achieved market dominance with 89% growth in 2024, while advanced energy management strategies demonstrate potential for 20-35% overall system efficiency improvements. The integration of emerging technologies such as solid-state batteries with 750-mile range potential and multi-phase motor architectures achieving 10% efficiency gains represents a paradigm shift toward sustainable transportation solutions. From a mechanical engineering perspective, the field faces critical challenges in thermal management system design, vibration control for in-wheel motor applications, and the integration of advanced power electronics with traditional mechanical systems.Item A Computational Study of Chalcone Derived Cu(II) and Zn (II) Complexes(Book Rivers, 2026) Supreet, Tahmeena Khan, Mohammad Imran AhmadThe simplicity of chalcone chemistry, coupled with the ease of structural modification and straightforward synthesis, has made them a focal point for medicinal chemists exploring a wide range of biological applications. Chalcone derivatives, renowned for their diverse biological activities, have gained significant attention in recent years. In this chapter, we employed computational methods to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes derived from various chalcone derivatives which lead to the identification of drug likeness. Computational predictions offer a powerful tool for accelerating drug discovery. By predicting molecular structure, properties, and potential side effects, these techniques can help identify promising lead compounds and optimize their design. Additionally, computational methods can aid in the identification of disease-specific targets, streamlining the development process. Careful consideration of ADMET properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and safety profiles is essential to ensure the clinical viability of these compounds. The results obtained provide insights into the factors influencing the stability, reactivity, and potential biological activity of these metal complexes.Item Evaluating the Marketing Strategy of BYD Electric Vehicles in India(Book Rivers, 2026) Ayush Maurya, Firoz HusainItem Green Surfactants and Nanomaterial Composites: Advanced Materials for Improved Applications(CRC Press, 2026) Sudheer, Farhat A. Ansari, Afifa, RizwanEmerging research on new biological materials for supporting metallic nanoparticles has surged in recent times, mostly driven by their enhanced ecological compatibility and lower risk to health. Their stability frequently plays a crucial role in determining their function and prolonged durability. Presently, there is an increasing interest in using biosurfactants because of their long-lasting advantages. Biosurfactants find utility in diverse economic and industrial fields, including the processing of food, medicinal use, and agribusiness. Biologic surfactants form durable coats around nanoparticles to prevent aggregation and give them sustained integrity. A compilation of significant scientific studies on the stability and encapsulation of nanoparticles of metal nanoparticles as biosurfactants is described in this chapter. A thorough analysis of the inherent characteristics and environmental factors of metal nanoparticles covered with biosurfactants is also presented in this work. Furthermore, this study also emphasizes future methods and possible remedies for stabilizing nanoparticles in nanoparticle manufacturing using biosurfactants. This work aims to verify that the stabilized nanoparticles demonstrate biocompatible characteristics, rendering them appropriate for use in various areas.Item Utilization of Peels of Citrus Fruit for Extracting Essential Oil Using Steam Distillation and Soxhlet Extraction(Book Rivers, 2026) Saimah Khan, Yusra KhatoonThe widely cultivated citrus plants in the family Rutaceae are orange, lemon, and sweet lime. The production and consumption of these fruits are relatively high worldwide. On the other hand, the peels of these fruits also contribute to environmental pollution, as they are often discarded as waste. The utilization of waste peel is a point of interest. The waste peel can be used to obtain essential oil for various applications. Citrus essential oil is widely used in food, the chemical industry, medical treatment, and other fields because of its pleasant aroma, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity. Citrus fruit peel waste can be an effective feedstock for the isolation of natural bioactive compounds, such as limonene, a high-value-added chemical widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industrial applications. In this project, a cost-effective method is used to obtain essential oil from citrus fruit peels. Extraction is performed using Steam distillation and the Soxhlet apparatus. In this study, the peels of three fruits, namely orange, sweet lime, and lemon, were extracted using Steam distillation and Soxhlet apparatus, and their percentage yield was calculated. From the results, it is concluded that the percentage yield of all three fruit peel samples using Steam distillation follows the order: Orange peel EO > Lemon peel EO > Sweet lime peel EO. From the results, it is concluded that the percentage yield of all three fruit peel samplesItem Development of a Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye(Book Rivers, 2026) Naseem Ahmad, Lubna Tarique, Abhi, Neda Afreen, NafeesIn this study, we report the synthesis of a zinc-based metal-organic framework (MOF) incorporating terephthalaldehyde as a linker, aimed at the efficient removal of Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. The synthesized MOF, denoted as Zn-Tereph-MOF, was prepared via a solvothermal method, which involved the reaction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate with terephthalaldehyde in a mixed solvent system. Characterization of Zn-Tereph-MOF was performed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results confirmed the successful formation of the porous framework structure. Photocatalytic studies revealed that Zn-Tereph-MOF exhibits a remarkable capacity for Rhodamine B uptake, attributed to the synergy between the high surface area, favorable pore size, and the interaction between the dye molecules and the framework. These findings highlight the potential of Zn-Tereph-MOF as an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater, contributing to environmental remediation efforts.Item Antimicrobial Activities of Phenolic Compounds Derived from Medicinal Plants(CRC Press, 2026) Tahmeena Khan, Kulsum Hashmi, Saman Raza, Abdul Rahman KhanAntibiotic resistance has become a significant global concern. Antibiotic resistance among various pathogenic bacteria has become a major challenge for global public health. There is a significant need to explore and develop novel antimicrobial strategies to treat infections caused by bacteria and fungi. There are many medicinal plants that are yet to be explored to discover novel compounds as therapeutic agents. Plant extracts, which contain valuable bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, are being increasingly used as a novel approach to combat harmful microorganisms. Some polyphenols exhibit synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics and antifungals, showing potential as novel treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections. Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are the two main phenolic acids, which additionally have a carboxylic acid group in their basic phenolic structure. p-Hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, and gallic are all common hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxycinnamic acids include sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids. Phenolic compounds show diverse mechanisms of action and are extensively used against pathogenic bacteria. This chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants and their mechanistic insights.Item Overview of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Their Types, Classification, and Significance(CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2026) Tahmeena Khan, Kulsum HashmiPlant-based metabolites find use in several fields such as agriculture and pharmaceuticals and are categorized as primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites do not get involved in cell death but affect the survival of the organism in the long term. They consist of more than 8,000 phenyl propanoids, 40,000 terpenoids, and 12,000 alkaloids. They are known for their biotechnological and biological applications and are classified according to chemical structure into terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. This chapter presents an overview of secondary metabolites, their chemical structures, and their significance. Terpenoids are associated with colour and taste and are synthesized through the shikimate metabolic pathway. Polyphenols possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxic properties, whereas nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites consist of alkaloids, glucosides, glucosinolates, non-protein amino acids, and polyamines. Alkaloids may be heterocyclic or non-heterocyclic, exhibit pharmacological and cytotoxic properties, and also serve as nitrogen storage. Secondary metabolites have various applications in pharmaceutical, nutritional, and agricultural fields and have been explored to increase productivity through cell culturing and signalling pathways. Fruits and vegetables are sources of bioactive secondary metabolites such as phytochemicals, amino acids, and vitamins. Their stability depends on factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide content, which are discussed in this chapter.