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    Micro-nano Plastics: Impact on Gastrointestinal System
    (Springer, Singapore, 2025) Shareen Fatima Rizvi, Syed Khalida Izhar, Uzma Afaq, Mohammed Kuddus, Danish Iqbal, Roohi
    Aside from the numerous technological advantages of living in the “plastic age,” the sheer abundance of plastic products, their unsustainable use and disposal, and their great durability in the environment all contribute to pollution dangers, raising significant environmental and public health concerns (Fackelmann and Sommer 2019). Growing concerns have been raised that waste management needs to be equipped to deal with the vast quantities of plastics being produced and disposed of via the several available channels (Rajpal et al. 2024). Microplastics (MPs) are tiny fragments of plastic released into the environment when consumer or industrial plastic goods are discarded or degraded. Microplastics are categorized based on their origin into two distinct groups. The first ones are primary microplastics. These are manufactured in shapes such as pellets, nurdles, and microfibers for cosmetics, toothpaste, pharmaceutical drugs, and textiles. Secondary microplastics are the second category of microplastics. These originate when larger plastic materials are fragmented into tinier pieces in nature (Weber et al. 2022).
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    Implications of Polyextremophiles in Astrobiology Research
    (Springer, Cham, 2025) Gaurav Yadav, Sahaj Bharindwal, Anchal Mehrotra, Surati Kumari, Roohi, Renitta Jobby
    Astrobiology seeks to expand our knowledge of life by investigating how microorganisms survive and thrive in extreme environments, allowing us to better assess the potential habitability of distant worlds. Recent developments in the study of extremophiles, solar system planetary exploration, and exoplanet discovery and analysis are providing fresh insights into astrobiology and the possible distribution of life on other planets. Extraterrestrial environments frequently feature extreme conditions spanning multiple factors simultaneously. In order to survive in such complex and extreme conditions organisms need to develop adaptations that enable them to withstand a wide range of challenges. Therefore, a critical next step toward understanding the true limits of habitability is the study of polyextremophiles, or microorganisms that can survive under multiple extreme conditions simultaneously. This chapter outlines various extreme environments on Earth and the types of extremophiles found in these conditions. This chapter also explores the interesting world of polyextremophiles and the strategies they have evolved that enable them to thrive in these environments. Polyextremophiles can serve as invaluable model organisms in astrobiology, offering insights into the possibilities of life beyond Earth and to gain valuable knowledge for future space exploration missions.
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    Metabolic Pathway Engineering for Enhanced PHA Biosynthesis in Prospects of Biomedical Application
    (Springer, Singapore, 2025) Alveera Parveen Aqil, Roohi
    Modern developments in genetic engineering, proteomics, genomics, and synthetic biology have made it possible to apply all multidisciplinary methods for biochemical pathway modification, protein identification, and prediction. Genetic engineering techniques are applied with increasing time in the industrial production of polymer as it can regulate metabolism of microorganisms and can modify biosynthetic pathways. By modifying the genes involved in the Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) biosynthesis process, PHA production can be increased. Numerous researchers have used molecular modifications of the enzyme. Gene editing has lately made use of CRISPR/CAS9 technology, increasing the expression of proteins. This review highlights the principles and fundamental mechanism behind the genetic engineering and metabolomics strategies to elevate PHA manufacturing using natural biopolymer. The idea is to study the construction of the novel pathways to generate metabolites that are not synthesized or expressed naturally.
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    Potential Perspectives of Microbial-PHA Biopolymers Produced by Using Agro-Wastes for Food Packaging Applications
    (Springer, Singapore, 2025) Mohd Amir, Shareen Fatima, Gaurav Yadav, Ananya Bajpai, Arooba Ilyas, Zeenat Khan, Roohi
    Fermentation processes such as solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation are helpful for the production of PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates) polymer at a large scale. These polymers have been extensively used in biotechnological applications, from medical implants to nanodrugs, agriculture mulch film, to heart valves. PHA-based bioplastic, when degraded in soil, can also be used as a biofertilizer. Bioplastic fertilizers, or BpF, have been used in farming and gardening for a long time. The best among them were PHAs utilized as a food packaging material. Traditionally food packaging systems were based on plastic food packaging cellulose-based, starch-based, protein-based, etc. Production of food packaging with the help of PHA polymer has become one of the most promising research, which also booms the bioplastic industries. The fermentation process maximizes PHA production and reduces the cost of PHA production using carbon-rich agro-wastes. These PHA biopolymers are produced from microbes and are extracted using different extraction methods; ATPS is the most promising extraction method for the maximum recovery of PHA. Besides having the properties of food packaging and disposable tableware, PHA biopolymer can also be used in numerous biotechnological applications. It can be used in agriculture as crop protection films, biofertilizers, therapeutic applications as a nanodrug carrier, tissue engineering, etc.
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    Food Waste and Its Biotechnological Application
    (Springer, Cham, 2025) Mohammad Amir, Poornima Singh, Naushin Bano, Roohi
    Food waste and its accumulation are becoming a critical problem worldwide as the population grows. Approximately 1.4 billion tons of food have been wasted worldwide. Due to weak infrastructure, cities in developing nations are wasting more food than those in developing nations, which poses serious threats to our society, including environmental pollution and health risks. There is an urgent need to take appropriate measures to reduce the burden of food waste by implementing standard management practices. A circular economy aims to give food waste a new life as it is the most preferred method for its proper disposal. Sugarcane bagasse and sugar beet molasses are by-product materials produced during the sugarcane and sugar beet processing process, respectively. Both substrates comprise complex ligno-cellulosic and starch-containing compounds that can be used as low-cost energy sources for microbial growth and metabolite production under various fermentation conditions. Pretreatment with various microbes frequently resulted in improved substrate utilization. Bagasse and beet molasses have recently gained attraction as alternative substrates for producing high-value products such as enzymes, protein-enriched animal feed, amino acids, organic acids, and antibiotics. They have numerous advantages over traditional carbon sources. Furthermore, consuming bagasse and beet molasses will significantly increase the productivity resources needed for human sustainability. This chapter discusses the valorization of bagasse and beet molasses, focusing on their potential value as efficient substrates for various biotechnological and industrial applications.
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    Instrumental Methods of Analysis
    (JEC PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES (JEC PRESS UNIT), 2025) AISHA KAMAL; MAYURESH K. RAUT, TARIGOPPULA. SUNITHA, ANAP HARSHALI NARAYAN, VISHAL BIBHISHAN KALE
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    Chimeric Vaccine Design against Melioidosis Via Subtractive Proteomics
    (LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2024) Khan MKA, Akhtar S, Maurya S
    Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia pseudomallei is a significant global health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. To address this issue, a chimeric multi-epitope vaccine against B. pseudomallei was designed using subtractive proteomics and reverse vaccinology. A subtractive proteomics strategy was applied to the 21 non-redundant proteomes of the pathogen. From these, proteins that were non-homologous to humans, essential for survival, and virulent were identified. BLASTp analysis against the PDB database and druggability assessments revealed nine proteins with available three-dimensional structures, of which four were deemed potential vaccine candidates based on subcellular localization and antigenicity predictions. Utilizing online tools, MHC class I, II, and B-cell epitopes were predicted and screened for toxicity, solubility, allergenicity, and hydrophilicity. Immunogenic epitopes were selected to construct a chimeric multi-epitope vaccine incorporating adjuvant, linker, and PADRE sequences. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated strong interactions between the vaccine construct and HLA alleles and TLR4, indicating its potential to elicit a robust immune response. The availability of the B. pseudomallei proteome facilitated this study, demonstrating the effectiveness of insilico tools for identifying vaccine targets and designing chimeric vaccines using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics methodologies.
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    Modulating CYP450 Isozyme to Prevent DB[a,l]P-Induced Mammary Cancer
    (LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2024) MKA Khan ,S Akhtar , MU Azeem
    The general mechanism of cancer encompasses the metabolism of carcinogens to highly electrophilic metabolites capable of binding to DNA and other macromolecules, thereby initiating cellular transformation. As the carcinogenesis mechanism is highly complex, involving diverse cellular mechanisms in cancer promotion and progression, elucidating the various underlying processes presents a significant challenge. Extensive research into the multifaceted nature of cancer initiation and development, along with associated risk factors and modulators, has resulted in the identification of numerous molecular and cellular markers specific to different cancer types. Nearly all exogenous compounds entering cells are metabolized by phase I and phase II enzymes.
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    Challenges and future scenario of microbial vitamins and carotenoids in food industry
    (Academic Press, 2024) Sameer Ahmad; Zuha Rahman , Sadaf Nazir , Wasim Akram
    Most dietary sources of carotenoids are deeply pigmented fruits, vegetables, and juices. While various colorful fruits and vegetables provide the majority of α-carotene and β-carotene such as α-cryptoxanthin from orange fruits, lutein from dark green vegetables, and tomato and lycopene from tomato products. Furthermore, vitamins are vital nutrients that promote healthy metabolism, and cell development, and help in the production of other biomolecules. On the other hand, several disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and inflammation can be managed with the application of carotenoids. It also imparts and improves digestive activity and can work as an antioxidant, immunity enhancer, antiaging, and improve eye and skin health. Carotenoids derived from microbial sources such as Haematococcus pluvialis, Phaffia rhodozyma, and Undaria pinnatifida have been reported for their nutraceutical activity as well as for the development of functional foods. Microbial-derived carotenoids demonstrated wider applications as natural food additives in the form of lycopene and β carotene. Furthermore, recently, the use of these bioactive compounds has been proven to be emerging applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics. This chapter also discussed in brief the extraction of microbial carotenoids and various parameters involved in the production of carotenoids such as substrate concentration, agitation, and aeration rate.