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    Economic Analysis of Changes in Bioreactors Configuration Yielding Ethanol and Biochemicals
    (Springer Singapore, 2026) Arshia Akhtar, Haroon
    Economic analysis of changes in bioreactor configurations for ethanol and biochemical production involves evaluating the financial impact of modifications on reactor design, operation, and efficiency. By altering bioreactor configurations, such as introducing new mixing strategies, optimizing nutrient delivery, or improving temperature and pH control, the overall productivity of ethanol and other biochemicals can be increased, potentially lowering the cost of production. However, these changes often require capital investment in new equipment, technology upgrades, and possibly additional labor costs. From an economic perspective, the key benefits include enhanced yields, reduced processing times, and energy savings, all of which can contribute to cost reductions. For instance, more efficient bioreactor systems can minimize resource consumption (e.g., energy and raw materials) while maximizing output. On the other hand, the potential for increased operational complexity or the need for specialized skills in managing new configurations may increase maintenance and training costs. Ultimately, the economic viability of these changes depends on a careful cost-benefit analysis, considering both short-term investment and long-term returns. The balance between the initial outlay and ongoing operational savings determines whether the change will lead to overall profitability in ethanol or biochemical production. Continuous monitoring and optimization of the bioreactor's performance are essential to maximize economic returns.
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    Biofuels from Diatoms: Potential and Challenges
    (Springer, Singapore, 2025) Jyoti Verma, Akriti, Hemlata Pant, Ambrina Sardar Khan
    Biofuel is the hope of this planet to ensure safe and sustainable use amid increasing rate of pollution and global warming. The term biofuel may be misleading for some that it is only substitute of fossil fuels, which is not true. Biofuel is a broad term including bio-oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, etc. finding its use in transportation, cosmetics, cooking, nutrient supplements, etc. The generation of biofuel from diatoms is third-generation biofuel production. Either the lipid from diatoms is extracted as bio-oil or the whole biomass of diatoms is used as biocrude. Apart from the mainstream uses of biofuel, the diatom culture produces many by-products which find their use in multiple fields. The public authority of India reported Biofuels Policy in 2008 to advance its production and utilization. The main obstacle on the way is economic production of biofuel from diatoms, to make it worth choosing over other options. Diatoms grow fast but they produce lipids slow, and the process of extraction is even more tedious. However, with the use of recent technologies, proper management and planning, this method proves to be the most efficient and environment friendly way of biofuel production. Diatoms don’t have a large number of cells in the body to support, they use carbon dioxide and other nutrients from waste, or eutrophied water bodies produce biofuel and clean their nearby environment in return. It is high time we develop this method to make it feasible for greater good.
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    Biofuel consumption and global climate change: Solutions and challenges
    (Elsevier, 2023) Rahil Akhtar Usmani
    The issue of climate change is a continuous topic of debate. The emission of greenhouse gasses is the reason for climate change. These gasses include CO2, CH4, O3, NO, and NO2 and small amount of a water vapor. The greenhouse gas effect is a warming effect responsible to rise in atmospheric average temperature. To achieve desired level of emission reduction, all of the transport modes will need to reduce their emissions in every region of the world. The potential for expansion in the use of biomass-based fuels will depend on biofuel production potential and its sustainability. In this work, I discuss a few of these critical issues. Biomass has the property to transform into a different range of fuels including solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Liquid biomass fuels are also known as biofuels are the most studied option for their possible use in the transport sector. The bioethanol is considered as the most accepted fuel for the transport use. Bioethanol can easily be integrated with current engine technology and can stop atmospheric pumping of new carbon. The study reinforces that biofuel is one of the important tools to mitigate transport-based greenhouse gas emissions but also has quantity and sustainability-based limitations. The holistic consideration of (3E), i.e., Efficiency, Environment and Economy are needed to incorporate in all the approaches of biofuel production and consumption. The decarbonized of supply chain is achieved by considering direct and indirect land use change and feedstock production with BECCS hence, could mitigate the climate change.