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    Plant Response to Gold Nanoparticles in Terms of Growth, Development, Production, and Protection: An Overview
    (Springer Nature, 2024) Satya, Tahmeena Khan, Kulsum Hashmi, Saman Raza, Sakshi Gupta, Seema Joshi
    The specialized chemical and physical characteristics of nanoparticles make them quite different from bulk materials and therefore useful in nearly every aspect of life. A great deal of research has also gone into how they interact with living systems, as well as how they affect their physiology, morphology, and biochemistry. Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in agriculture to improve seed germination, encourage plant growth, and shield crops from biotic stress. Studies have shown that a variety of NPs from the environment can enter plants, accumulate there, and subsequently go up the food chain. Silver, gold, copper, titanium, iron, and zincbased metallic nanoparticles are frequently utilized in agriculture to promote plant growth and yield. The potential of metallic NPs in protecting plants, promoting development, detecting diseases, and identifying pesticide and herbicide residues has been highlighted by recent studies. Different NPs bring about different changes in the plants. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained immense popularity and are the most researched NPs due to their wide range of commercial applications, ease of synthesis, unique optical properties, chemical stability, and non-toxicity. The use of AuNPs in agriculture, specifically for plant growth and development, has been elucidated in this chapter. The interactions between AuNPs and the biota have also been described in detail in this chapter.
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    Mitigation of Metal Toxicity in Plants Using Silver Nanoparticles
    (Springer Nature, 2024) Kulsum Hashmi, Tahmeena Khan, Saman Raza, Seema Joshi
    Certain metals like Ca, Mg, Cu, and Fe are essential for plant growth while several others, like As, Cd, and Pb are not; the presence of these metals in soilc above a certain threshold concentration is toxic to plants. They lead to several cellular and structural changes in the plants by increasing oxidative stress and modifications in certain metabolic pathways. The plant in turn responds to this stress by several methods like increasing the production of antioxidants and other enzymes. Metal toxicity hampers water uptake, nutrient assimilation and consequently plant growth. As a result, there is a decrease in plant productivity as well as quality, leading to financial loss for the farmers and health problems for the consumers. Several methods are used for the remediation of this toxicity in the soil and the plants, including leaching, use of chelators, phytoremediation, etc. However, most of these techniques have drawbacks like being expensive, hazardous to the environment, unsuitable for varied use and not being target specific. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a safe and effective tool with many desirable outcomes. Its use is being explored in agriculture as well, with nanoparticles being employed in soil fertilizers, disease management and removal of toxins. This chapter describes in detail, the effect of metal toxicity in plants and the use of nanoparticles, for its remediation. AgNPs are of particular interest here, owing to their beneficial effects on plants which have been widely investigated.