Faculty Publications

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Scholarly Publications by Integral Academia

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Start date: 2021Subject: search.filters.subject.Physics

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    Introduction to Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Particle Physics
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Salman Ahamad Khan, Zubair Khan
    This chapter presents an introduction to the nuclear emulsion technique,widely used in nuclear and particle physics for the detection and analysis of,charged particles. We have discussed the historical background,,composition and track formation in the emulsion. This technique gives very,good visualization of the trajectories with a great spatial resolution.,
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    Charge, Heat and Momentum Transport in Hot QCD Matter
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Salman Ahamad Khan, Mohd Shahalam
    This chapter gives an introduction to the transport coefficients such as,electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, shear viscosity, bulk viscosity,and Seebeck coefficient of quark gluon plasma (QGP) which is the high,temperature phase of quantum chromodynamics. We have given the,definition of the transport coefficients in the frame work of relativistic,kinetic theory and have also shown their temperature behavior. For a,better understanding of the effects of collisions on the transport coefficients,,we have discussed the behavior of all these coefficients in naive RTA as well,as number conserving BGK collision terms.,
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    Cosmological Neutrinos and their Impact on the Evolution of Universe
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Mohd Shahalam, Salman Ahamad Khan
    The thermal history of the Universe implies the existence of a diffuse neutrino component that has survived since the earliest cosmic epochs. While neutrinos are characterized by extremely small masses and very weak interactions, their collective presence becomes relevant on cosmological scales due to their high abundance. In this study, we focus on how this component emerges, which of its properties are most relevant for cosmological applications, and how it is incorporated into the contemporary concordance model of the Universe. When neutrino mass is taken into account, the description of matter in the Universe is slightly altered compared to the idealized massless case. This alteration does not appear as a dominant effect but instead manifests as a consistent shift in model outcomes. As a result, the distribution of matter inferred from such models becomes less pronounced, indicating a reduced contrast relative to scenarios that neglect neutrino mass. Neutrino effects are not treated here as a separate add-on, but as part of the working cosmological description adopted throughout the text. This choice is motivated by the fact that neutrinos influence several model outputs simultaneously, so their impact is best assessed within the full setup rather than through isolated statements. As new measurements extend both their precision and their scope, they can distinguish between small differences that are otherwise degenerate. In this sense, future data provide a practical way to check whether the adopted description remains adequate once neutrino effects are handled consistently.
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    Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Astronomy
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Rida Fatima, Mohd Shahalam
    This chapter examines the advancements, challenges, and limitations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in the study of the cosmos. The rapid expansion of high-volume astronomical datasets has necessitated the development of advanced computational frameworks for efficient data processing and analysis. Astronomy, regarded as the oldest scientific discipline, has evolved significantly from its mythological origins to the modern era. In contrast, AI is a contemporary field characterized by its problem-solving capabilities, language processing, and learning properties. The application of AI is increasingly essential in astronomy. Supervised, Unsupervised, and deep learning models have demonstrated strong performance in galaxy classification, exoplanet detection, and gravitational wave signal extraction. These models have transformed the field by enabling more accurate and efficient detection. Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain. This chapter discusses these challenges alongside potential solutions, contributing to the on-going integration of AI and ML within astronomy.
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    Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Priyanshu Verma, Syed Mohd Amir
    This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to functional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), emphasizing their fundamental magnetic behavior, synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and multidisciplinary applications. The discussion begins with the physics of nanoscale magnetism, including single-domain formation, superparamagnetism, magnetic anisotropy, and blocking temperature. Various synthesis approaches such as co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal, sol gel, and vapor-phase methods are presented, along with the importance of surface functionalization for enhancing stability and functionality. The chapter further reviews advanced characterization techniques including X- ray diffraction, electron microscopy, scattering methods, magnetometry, and thermal analysis for understanding structure property relationships. Finally, major applications of MNPs in spintronics, catalysis, environmental remediation, magnetic resonance imaging, targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, bio-sensing, energy storage, and smart materials are highlighted. The chapter aims to provide a clear and interdisciplinary understanding of the scientific principles and technological significance of functional magnetic nanoparticles.
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    Quantum Entanglement: From Conceptual Origins to Practical Applications
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Danish Quamar, Syed Mohd Amir
    Quantum entanglement is one of the most fundamental and intriguing phenomena in quantum mechanics, revealing correlations between quantum systems that cannot be explained by classical physics. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the conceptual foundations, theoretical framework, experimental realization, and technological applications of quantum entanglement. Beginning with the historical debates initiated by Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, and Schrödinger, the discussion highlights the emergence of entanglement as a central feature of quantum theory and its connection to non-locality through Bell's theorem. The mathematical formalism of entangled states, including Hilbert spaces, tensor products, Bell states, density matrices, and entanglement entropy, is introduced to provide a rigorous theoretical understanding. The chapter further examines experimental verification through spontaneous parametric down-conversion and Bell inequality tests, including recent loophole free experiments. In addition, current developments in India, such as the National Quantum Mission and satellite-based quantum communication initiatives, are discussed. Major applications of entanglement in quantum communication, quantum teleportation, quantum computing, and quantum networks are reviewed, emphasizing their transformative potential for future technologies. Finally, the chapter outlines ongoing challenges and future prospects, highlighting the crucial role of entanglement in the development of next-generation quantum systems and the emerging quantum internet.
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    Thermodynamic Investigation of Drug DNA Interactions
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Gazala Roohi Fatima, Seema Srivastava
    Drug DNA interactions play a central role in chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy, and rational drug design. This study highlights the structural features of DNA, including major and minor grooves, and explains the principal mechanisms of drug binding such as covalent interaction, intercalation, groove binding, and electrostatic association. Special emphasis is given to the thermodynamic aspects governing binding affinity, stability, specificity, and spontaneity of drug experimental techniques including UV DNA complexes. Important Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, calorimetry, and viscosity measurements are discussed alongside computational approaches such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Together, these methods provide comprehensive insights into drug DNA recognition and stability.
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    Liquid Crystals as Active Functional Media for Advanced Plasmonic Applications
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Syed Salman Ahmad Warsi
    Liquid crystals (LCs) have emerged as highly versatile active functional media for advanced plasmonic applications owing to their unique combination of optical anisotropy, tunability, and responsiveness to external stimuli. By integrating plasmonic nanostructures with liquid crystal matrices, dynamic control over localized surface plasmon resonances and surface plasmon polaritons can be achieved through electric, magnetic, thermal, or optical fields. This synergy enables the development of reconfigurable photonic devices with enhanced light matter interactions, improved sensing capabilities, and adaptive optical functionalities. The chapter discusses the fundamental principles governing LC plasmonic interactions, recent advances in hybrid LC plasmonic systems, and their applications in tunable sensors, optical switches, modulators, displays, and nanophotonic devices.
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    Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Syed Salman Ahmad Warsi
    Liquid crystals are a unique state of matter that exhibit properties intermediate between conventional liquids and crystalline solids. Their ability to respond to external stimuli such as electric fields, temperature, and light has made them indispensable in modern science and technology. This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of liquid crystals, including their historical development, molecular organization, classification, and key physical properties. Special attention is given to the major liquid crystal phases and the relationship between molecular structure and material behavior. The chapter also provides an overview of important applications of liquid crystals in displays, photonics, sensors, and advanced functional materials, highlighting their growing significance in contemporary research and technological innovations.
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    A Systematic Approach for Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Half-Heusler Compounds
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Afroj Ahmed Khan, Seema Srivastava, Vipul Srivastava, G F Ansari
    Half-Heusler compounds are an impressive class of materials with a huge potential for different applications such as future energy applications and for spintronics. The semiconducting Heusler compounds can be identified by the number of valence electrons. The band gap can be tuned between 0 and 4 eV by the electronegativity difference of the constituents. Magnetism can be introduced in these compounds by using rare-earth elements, manganese or 'electron' doping. Thus, there is a great interest in the fields of thermoelectric, solar cells and diluted magnetic semiconductors. The combination of different properties such as superconductivity and topological edge states leads to new multifunctional materials, which have the potential to revolutionize technological applications. Here, we review the structure, the origin of the band gap and the functionalities of semiconducting half-Heusler compounds.