Faculty Publications

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Scholarly Publications by Integral Academia

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Start date: 2023Subject: search.filters.subject.PHARMACY

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    Ultrasound-Responsive Delivery Nanoplatforms in Cancer Theranostics
    (CRC Press, 2024) Vaseem Ahmad Ansari; Ruchi Tiwari,Juhi Mishra and Namdev L. Dhas
    Nanotechnology is being used widely because inventive nanocarriers enhance the functionality and effectiveness of chemotherapy. A chemotherapeutic agent released from ultrasonic-responsive nanocarriers is triggered by the vibration of ultrasound (US), which creates microscopic gas bubbles that alter the permeability of cell membranes and raise pressure. This chapter covers new nanomaterials that have been employed for both cancer treatment and diagnostics and are ultrasound sensitive. Deep tissue penetration, spatiotemporal control, and the induction of tumour cell apoptosis and necrosis are all possible with the use of localized, non-ionizing, non-invasive US. US delivery relies mostly on sonoporation, cavitation, and hyperthermia. Drug-loaded nanoparticles may be created with the goals of increasing effectiveness and lowering toxicity. Mesoporous silica nanoplatforms, microbubbles, nanobubbles, micelles, gold nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers are been covered in depth as theranostic nanocarriers. It can be concluded that nanomaterials may be manufactured in a variety of ways and can be combined to generate hybrids; it will be possible to develop nanostructures that are sensitive to a variety of internal and external triggers. Combining the advantages of external US irradiation with deep tissue penetration is an appealing strategy.
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    Regulations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries
    (CRC Press, 2024) Usama Ahmad; Anas Islam, Vazahat Ali
    This chapter explores the regulations governing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) drug products in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It provides an overview of the GCC countries, defines APIs, and emphasizes the importance of API regulations within the region. The chapter aims to examine the regulatory framework for APIs in the GCC countries, comparing the specific regulations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Qatar. To begin, the chapter delves into the general regulatory landscape surrounding APIs in the GCC countries, outlining the registration and approval processes for these crucial components of pharmaceutical products. It also highlights the post-approval requirements and monitoring mechanisms that ensure the ongoing safety and efficacy of APIs. In a comprehensive comparison, the chapter presents a detailed analysis of API regulations in each GCC country. By exploring the specific regulatory frameworks of the GCC countries, readers gain valuable insights into the similarities, differences, and unique approaches employed by each country. Additionally, the chapter addresses the challenges and issues faced in API regulations within the GCC countries. It explores compliance challenges, quality control concerns, intellectual property considerations, and the difficulties associated with harmonization. Furthermore, the chapter offers a forward-looking perspective by discussing potential future trends that may impact API regulations in the region. In conclusion, this chapter summarizes the key points discussed throughout the analysis. It underscores the significance of API regulations in the GCC countries and their impact on public health and the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, it highlights the potential for future developments in API regulations, emphasizing the need for continued attention and adaptation to meet evolving regulatory requirements and ensure the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products within the GCC countries.
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    Metallic Nanocarriers in the Delivery of Phytomedicines
    (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2023) Tarique Mahmood Ansari; Laxmi Devi, Poonam Kushwaha, Ashish Kumar
    Phytomedicines derived from plants have a wide range of pharmacological applications in a variety of diseases. One of the most important advantages of phytoconstituents is their low toxicity and adverse effects. However, their therapeutic efficacy is hampered by low solubility, permeability, and specificity in the target region. As a result, novel drug delivery systems are being developed employing a variety of nanoformulation methodologies to overcome these limitations and provide consistent drug delivery at the targeting location in the optimal concentration as well as increased therapeutic efficacy. Novel drug delivery systems are one example of such approaches (NDDS). In comparison to alternative options, using herbal formulations for NDDS is more advantageous. The utilization of inorganic nanoparticles of plant extract is an important idea for the herbal formulations. These are used to achieve the targeted administration of the formulation, which influences the location and enhances its bioavailability. The constituents and extracts used in natural formulations demonstrate sustained release, enhanced stability, increased therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity prevention due to such novel drug delivery systems. The fundamental motivation for developing alternative drug delivery systems is
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    Human health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance spread
    (Academic Press, 2023) Shom Prakash Kushwaha; Syed Misbahul Hasan , Arun Kumar , Muhammad Arif , Munendra Mohan Varshney
    Antimicrobial fend off millions of casualties every year. Unsuitable prescription and overdosing of antimicrobial have steered resistance as a global health emergency and results in 700,000 mortalities a year. The World Health Organization cogitates antimicrobial resistance as a universal threat to human health. Novel resistance mechanisms are evolving and dispersing globally, bullying our capability to treat infectious diseases. A mounting list of infections is becoming stiffer and occasionally impossible to be treated. One-fourth of infections subsequent to chemotherapy are resultant of antibiotic resistant organisms. The overall hospital mortality rate has been reported to be 7.6% in patients with a resistant isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Approximately 214,000 newborns pass away in a year as resultant of sepsis caused by resistant bacteria, that is, one-third of total sepsis mortality in newborns. Centers for disease control and prevention has alarmed regarding the urgent threats of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The serious threats of Vancomycin resistant Enterococci and drug resistant Salmonella serotype Typhi has been specified along with the concerns for Erythromycin resistant Group A Streptococcus and Clindamycin resistant group B Streptococcus. Drug resistant Mycoplasma genitalium and Bordetella pertussis have been on the watch list. Antimicrobial resistance tips toward lengthier hospital stays greater medical costs and augmented mortality. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is mounting at an alarming proportions especially in developing countries as a result of impropriate use of antimicrobials. In order to reduce the antimicrobial resistance and improve the patient quality of life, it is important to know the mechanism of resistance to reduce the rate of resistance and patient hospitalization. An outbreak of a multidrug-resistant infection in the hospital settings or other places shows the need and importance for better antimicrobial prescription.
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    Treatment of Scabies with Herbal Medicines
    (Bentham Science, 2023) Shazia Usmani; Om Prakash, Priyanka Bajpai, Ruchi Singh, Amita Pandey, Rajesh Kumar , Nadeem Rais
    Scabies is a chronic and serious community disorder caused by a parasite commonly known as a mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis). The long-term infection may lead to chronic complications such as septicemia, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, heart disease, and secondary infections. The majority of novel medicinal agents from various plant sources are responsible for the management and treatment of several types of chronic disorders. The safe and cost-effective alternative treatment strategy is the use of medicinal plants that plays a potential role against a variety of diseases due to the presence of numerous types of active phytochemicals with no or negligible adverse effect. This study gives a unique summary, including a correlation between traditional medicinal plants and their derived active phytochemicals for the significant treatment of scabies. The literature search was carried out via search engines through different databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, etc. A large number of medicinal plants and their active medicinal agents have been reviewed with remarkable therapeutic effects against scabies. There are some limitations due to insufficient data related to limited pre-clinical and clinical trials in this particular area. This review provides a baseline to explore the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants against skin diseases, especially scabies. However, extensive studies are required to identify, authenticate, and characterize the bioactive compounds present in these plants, which may lead to value addition in pharmaceutical industries by providing a cost-effective way of treatment with minimal side effects.
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    Therapeutic Impact of Exosomes in Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
    (Springer, Singapore, 2024) Rufaida Wasim; Anas Islam, Asad Ahmad, Aditya Singh, Azhar Mahmood Farooqui ,Yusuf Asad
    Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are debilitating neurological conditions characterized by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in tissue damage and functional impairments. Despite extensive research efforts, effective therapeutic interventions for stroke and TIA remain limited. However, recent advancements in the field of exosome-based therapeutics have shown promising potential for the treatment of these brain disorders. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication, owing to their ability to transport bioactive molecules and modulate cellular functions. This chapter discusses the therapeutic effects of exosomes in stroke and TIA, elucidating the mechanisms underlying exosome-mediated neuroprotection. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the challenges associated with exosome-based therapies, including limitations and barriers to clinical translation. Strategies to overcome these challenges are discussed, along with emerging trends and future directions in exosome research for stroke and TIA. In conclusion, this chapter highlights the therapeutic impact of exosomes in stroke and TIA, underscoring their potential as a novel and promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. By addressing the current knowledge gaps and exploring future research directions, this chapter aims to contribute to the advancement of exosome-based therapies in clinical practice.
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    Epigenetics as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool in Neurodegenerative Disorders
    (Bentham Science, 2024) Rufaida Wasim; Tarique Mahmood, Farogh Ahsan, Aditya Singh, Asad Ahmad
    Epigenetics is a field that is concerned with the investigation of heritable modifications in gene expression that transpire without DNA sequence alterations, thereby establishing a connection between the genome and its surroundings. Epigenetics simply analyzes gene expression amendment beyond variation to the DNA sequence. The gradual accumulation of epigenetic changes over the course of an individual's life span may contribute to neurodegeneration. This chapter deals with epigenetic alteration, which affects the progress of neurodegeneration with age. Epigenetic regulation, encompassing DNA methylation and histone modification, has been implicated in the anomalous alterations in gene expression that occur during the progression of neurodegeneration. The concept of epigenetics is useful to synthesize novel medications to target these disorders. In recent times, a plethora of epigeneticsbased medications have been developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. Due to a major lack of early screening processes that allow therapeutic agents to be distributed to afflicted neurons paramount to cell death, many neurological conditions have severely restricted options for treatment. Significant progress has been seen in neurodegenerative disease biomarkers. These biomarkers have been unfortunate, due to substantial disparities amidst the tissues acclimated to source biomarkers and biomarkers of disease. Neurodegeneration may be exacerbated by epigenetic changes that develop gradually. Epigenetic biomarkers could aid in the diagnosis, and monitoring, of neurodegenerative diseases.
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    Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various novel formulations targeting Alzheimer's disease
    (Academic Press, 2023) Aditya Singh; Ashwini Gawade , Satish Polshettiwar , Hetal Hingalajia , Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati
    Extracellular amyloid-(A) plaques and neurofibrillary in the intracellular environment are defining characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuronal death, and synaptic loss, all of which contribute to progressive cognitive impairment. Age is the most significant risk factor for AD, with AD prevalence exponentially increasing after age 65. As the average lifespan in emerging countries rises, it is anticipated that the total prevalence of AD will double during the next 20 years. Effective drug delivery to the target tissue, constant therapeutic drug concentrations, a lowering in dosing quantity and frequency, and increased patient compliance are all qualities of ideal drug delivery systems which depend on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic of Various novel formulations Targeting AD. Currently different formulations of Donepezil Hydrochloride; Memantine Hydrochloride are available in market such tablets orally disintegrant, Capsule extended release and lots of attempts are going on in term of different delivery system like liposomal drug delivery, nose to brain delivery system, nanoformulations having different nanocarriers for the treatment of AD. Fate of all the novel formulations depends on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug substances. Pharmacokinetics (PK) studies the disposition of drug molecules in the body, including their concentration patterns and AUC last, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC inf values Pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment looks at how a drug affects the body. includes variations in Emax, EC50, in an Emax-model parameter. A drug must cross the blood brain barriers and be absorbed by the specific tissues in order for it to be effective in treating an Alzheimer patient (as measured by PK studies). To successfully alter the target protein activity in the body (as determined by PD studies), this is required. This chapter will focus on the various novel formulations Targeting AD and its Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics behavior.
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    Dendrimers in the management of Alzheimer's disease
    (Academic Press, 2024) Aditya Singh; Chetna Modi , Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati , Sudarshan Singh , Shubhrat Maheshwari
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the brain and leads to decline in cognitive function, memory, thinking, behavior. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60%–80% of all cases. The exact cause of AD is still not fully, however it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. There is currently no exact medication and drug delivery available that can cure for AD, but there are several treatments available that can help in managing symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include medication, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle changes, such as exercise and a healthy diet. Additionally, ongoing research is focused on developing nanotechnology-based new therapies and approaches such as nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, vesicular drug delivery, and dendrimers to prevent, slow, or cure AD. with Dendrimers in AD act as carrier for drug that target the β-amyloid plaques and T-tangles that are characteristic of the characteristic of the disease. Dendrimers can conjugate with drugs, enabling them to be delivered to the brain and penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, dendrimers have been reported as imaging agent that help in detection and monitoring the progression of AD. In this chapter a brief overview on dendrimers synthesis, characterization, and conjugation with drugs for treatment and management AD elaborated.
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    Perspective Chapter: Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery through Liposomes - Recent Applications
    (IntechOpen, 2023) Abdul Hafeez; Shazia Afzal Usmani
    Diseases related to the brain are causing a huge problem worldwide. Different drug formulations are available for the management of brain-related disorders, but due to less drug availability for the brain and non-specificity, it becomes difficult to completely cure life-threatening brain disorders. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of drug molecules/drug-loaded carriers because of the presence of various efflux transporters and drug inactivating enzymes. Researchers have identified an intranasal route for direct delivery to the brain, bypassing BBB. Nanotechnology-enabled lipid-based drug carrier systems have shown potential for the management of brain diseases through nose-to-brain delivery. Liposomes are the most extensively investigated carrier systems because of biocompatibility, controlled release characteristics, easy surface modification, and biodegradability. This chapter highlights the important aspects of nose-to-brain delivery and strategies for enhancing the availability of drugs through liposomes in the management of different brain-related diseases.