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Scholarly Publications by Integral Academia

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Start date: 2025Subject: search.filters.subject.Chemistry

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    PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS) IN COSMETICS: OCCURRENCE, EXPOSURE PATHWAYS, HEALTH CONCERNS AND EMERGING REGULATORY RESPONSES
    (Liberty Academic Publishers, 2025) Saimah Khan
    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of synthetic fluorinated chemicals increasingly recognized as persistent environmental and human contaminants (EPA, 2023; Peaslee et al., 2021). PFAS are intentionally added to many cosmetic and personal care products to enhance spreadability, water resistance, film formation, and long-lasting performance, and may also enter formulations unintentionally as impurities or degradation products of precursor ingredients (FDA, 2025; ToxStrategies, 2025). Recent analytical surveys report that a substantial proportion of foundations, mascaras, lipsticks, and other colour cosmetics sold in North America and Europe contain high levels of fluorine, suggesting widespread PFAS use (Peaslee et al., 2021; University of Notre Dame, 2024). While cosmetics are not the dominant source of aggregate PFAS exposure, their direct, frequent application to skin, lips, and peri-ocular areas raises concern, particularly for long-lasting and waterproof products marketed for daily use (Exponent, 2026; Wigle et al., 2025). Multiple epidemiological and toxicological studies link certain well-studied PFAS (for example, PFOA and PFOS) to kidney and testicular cancers, immune suppression, endocrine disruption, dyslipidaemia, and developmental toxicity, although cosmetic-specific risk assessments remain limited and uncertain (WHO, 2022; ECHA, 2023).
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    Evaluating the Marketing Strategy of BYD Electric Vehicles in India
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Ayush Maurya, Firoz Husain
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    Green Surfactants and Nanomaterial Composites: Advanced Materials for Improved Applications
    (CRC Press, 2026) Sudheer, Farhat A. Ansari, Afifa, Rizwan
    Emerging research on new biological materials for supporting metallic nanoparticles has surged in recent times, mostly driven by their enhanced ecological compatibility and lower risk to health. Their stability frequently plays a crucial role in determining their function and prolonged durability. Presently, there is an increasing interest in using biosurfactants because of their long-lasting advantages. Biosurfactants find utility in diverse economic and industrial fields, including the processing of food, medicinal use, and agribusiness. Biologic surfactants form durable coats around nanoparticles to prevent aggregation and give them sustained integrity. A compilation of significant scientific studies on the stability and encapsulation of nanoparticles of metal nanoparticles as biosurfactants is described in this chapter. A thorough analysis of the inherent characteristics and environmental factors of metal nanoparticles covered with biosurfactants is also presented in this work. Furthermore, this study also emphasizes future methods and possible remedies for stabilizing nanoparticles in nanoparticle manufacturing using biosurfactants. This work aims to verify that the stabilized nanoparticles demonstrate biocompatible characteristics, rendering them appropriate for use in various areas.
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    Utilization of Peels of Citrus Fruit for Extracting Essential Oil Using Steam Distillation and Soxhlet Extraction
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Saimah Khan, Yusra Khatoon
    The widely cultivated citrus plants in the family Rutaceae are orange, lemon, and sweet lime. The production and consumption of these fruits are relatively high worldwide. On the other hand, the peels of these fruits also contribute to environmental pollution, as they are often discarded as waste. The utilization of waste peel is a point of interest. The waste peel can be used to obtain essential oil for various applications. Citrus essential oil is widely used in food, the chemical industry, medical treatment, and other fields because of its pleasant aroma, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity. Citrus fruit peel waste can be an effective feedstock for the isolation of natural bioactive compounds, such as limonene, a high-value-added chemical widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industrial applications. In this project, a cost-effective method is used to obtain essential oil from citrus fruit peels. Extraction is performed using Steam distillation and the Soxhlet apparatus. In this study, the peels of three fruits, namely orange, sweet lime, and lemon, were extracted using Steam distillation and Soxhlet apparatus, and their percentage yield was calculated. From the results, it is concluded that the percentage yield of all three fruit peel samples using Steam distillation follows the order: Orange peel EO > Lemon peel EO > Sweet lime peel EO. From the results, it is concluded that the percentage yield of all three fruit peel samples
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    Development of a Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Naseem Ahmad, Lubna Tarique, Abhi, Neda Afreen, Nafees
    In this study, we report the synthesis of a zinc-based metal-organic framework (MOF) incorporating terephthalaldehyde as a linker, aimed at the efficient removal of Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions. The synthesized MOF, denoted as Zn-Tereph-MOF, was prepared via a solvothermal method, which involved the reaction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate with terephthalaldehyde in a mixed solvent system. Characterization of Zn-Tereph-MOF was performed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results confirmed the successful formation of the porous framework structure. Photocatalytic studies revealed that Zn-Tereph-MOF exhibits a remarkable capacity for Rhodamine B uptake, attributed to the synergy between the high surface area, favorable pore size, and the interaction between the dye molecules and the framework. These findings highlight the potential of Zn-Tereph-MOF as an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater, contributing to environmental remediation efforts.
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    Antimicrobial Activities of Phenolic Compounds Derived from Medicinal Plants
    (CRC Press, 2026) Tahmeena Khan, Kulsum Hashmi, Saman Raza, Abdul Rahman Khan
    Antibiotic resistance has become a significant global concern. Antibiotic resistance among various pathogenic bacteria has become a major challenge for global public health. There is a significant need to explore and develop novel antimicrobial strategies to treat infections caused by bacteria and fungi. There are many medicinal plants that are yet to be explored to discover novel compounds as therapeutic agents. Plant extracts, which contain valuable bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, are being increasingly used as a novel approach to combat harmful microorganisms. Some polyphenols exhibit synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics and antifungals, showing potential as novel treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections. Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are the two main phenolic acids, which additionally have a carboxylic acid group in their basic phenolic structure. p-Hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, and gallic are all common hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxycinnamic acids include sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids. Phenolic compounds show diverse mechanisms of action and are extensively used against pathogenic bacteria. This chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants and their mechanistic insights.
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    Overview of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Their Types, Classification, and Significance
    (CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2026) Tahmeena Khan, Kulsum Hashmi
    Plant-based metabolites find use in several fields such as agriculture and pharmaceuticals and are categorized as primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites do not get involved in cell death but affect the survival of the organism in the long term. They consist of more than 8,000 phenyl propanoids, 40,000 terpenoids, and 12,000 alkaloids. They are known for their biotechnological and biological applications and are classified according to chemical structure into terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. This chapter presents an overview of secondary metabolites, their chemical structures, and their significance. Terpenoids are associated with colour and taste and are synthesized through the shikimate metabolic pathway. Polyphenols possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxic properties, whereas nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites consist of alkaloids, glucosides, glucosinolates, non-protein amino acids, and polyamines. Alkaloids may be heterocyclic or non-heterocyclic, exhibit pharmacological and cytotoxic properties, and also serve as nitrogen storage. Secondary metabolites have various applications in pharmaceutical, nutritional, and agricultural fields and have been explored to increase productivity through cell culturing and signalling pathways. Fruits and vegetables are sources of bioactive secondary metabolites such as phytochemicals, amino acids, and vitamins. Their stability depends on factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide content, which are discussed in this chapter.
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    Nutritional Analysis and Evaluation of Food Products Made from Date Seed Powder
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Mantasha Mirza, Abdul Rahman Khan, Iqbal Azad
    The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a historic fruit plant integral to Middle Eastern cultures, including those of Saudi Arabia. People typically consume the fruit of the date palm but often discard the nutrient-rich seeds. This study explores the potential of date seeds for developing high-nutrient food products. Chemical analysis determined the nutritional content of date seed flour, which was then used to evaluate various food products. The objectives were: i. To develop a method for producing date seed flour and determine its nutritional profile. ii. To assess various food items produced using date seed flour and scrutinize their nutritional composition. The study also explored the preparation of date seed-based dips and a caffeine- free coffee alternative. The production of date seed powder involved washing, sun-drying, roasting, and storing the seeds. The nutritional analysis showed 3.4% moisture, 10.03% protein, 78.97% carbohydrates, 6% fat, and 1.6% ash. Two dip variations were created: one with honey and date seed powder, and another with tamarind and date seed powder, showcasing the nutritional potential of date seeds. This study emphasizes the value of date seed powder in developing novel food products and highlights its potential as a sustainable, nutritious caffeine-free coffee alternative.
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    An Introduction to the Synthesis of Biologically Active Chalcones
    (Book Rivers, 2026) Mohd Akil, Naseem Ahmad, Kajal Singh, Shruti Srivastava, Abdul Rahman Khan, Iqbal Azad
    Aldehydes and ketones are used in the aldol condensation reaction to develop carbon-carbon bonds, which effectively synthesises new compounds. The synthesis of chalcone derivatives is increasingly using this process. These derivatives are vital to natural product and drug production. This study highlights the importance and recent advances in aldol condensation-mediated chalcone derivative synthesis. An enolate ion from one of these substances’ nucleophilically attacks an aldehyde or ketone's carbonyl group. If the aldol product undergoes further dehydration, it produces an unsaturated chalcone. Lewis’s acids and bases such as amines, hydroxides, and alkoxides can catalyse the process. Aldol condensation-mediated chalcone derivative synthesis has improved with efficient, selective catalysts, substrate diversity, and reaction condition optimization. Additionally, novel reaction media improve reaction efficiency and environmental sustainability. These include ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. The aldol condensation reaction is versatile, making it straightforward to add functional groups and modify chalcone derivative structures. Because of these changes, it is now easier to synthesise various derivatives from chalcones that have better bioactivity and pharmacology. This chapter discusses different methods for the synthesis of chalcone derivatives.
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    Fullerene and carbon nanotubes for vegetable seed priming, germination, and seedling development
    (Academic Press, 2026) Megha Barot, Jamal Akhtar Ansari, Pankaj Sharma, Azamal Husen