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    Mitigation of Metal Toxicity in Plants Using Silver Nanoparticles
    (Springer Nature, 2024) Kulsum Hashmi, Tahmeena Khan, Saman Raza, Seema Joshi
    Certain metals like Ca, Mg, Cu, and Fe are essential for plant growth while several others, like As, Cd, and Pb are not; the presence of these metals in soilc above a certain threshold concentration is toxic to plants. They lead to several cellular and structural changes in the plants by increasing oxidative stress and modifications in certain metabolic pathways. The plant in turn responds to this stress by several methods like increasing the production of antioxidants and other enzymes. Metal toxicity hampers water uptake, nutrient assimilation and consequently plant growth. As a result, there is a decrease in plant productivity as well as quality, leading to financial loss for the farmers and health problems for the consumers. Several methods are used for the remediation of this toxicity in the soil and the plants, including leaching, use of chelators, phytoremediation, etc. However, most of these techniques have drawbacks like being expensive, hazardous to the environment, unsuitable for varied use and not being target specific. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a safe and effective tool with many desirable outcomes. Its use is being explored in agriculture as well, with nanoparticles being employed in soil fertilizers, disease management and removal of toxins. This chapter describes in detail, the effect of metal toxicity in plants and the use of nanoparticles, for its remediation. AgNPs are of particular interest here, owing to their beneficial effects on plants which have been widely investigated.
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    Amelioration in Water Quality of Aquatic Ecosystems Contaminated with Inorganic Pollutants: Applications of Promising Phytoremediation Technique
    (Academic Publishers & Distributers, 2024) Monowar Alam Khalid
    Water the elixir of life has a unique role in sustaining the life of on earth. Increase in water contamination with inorganic pollutants has become a serious concern nowadays due to the increasing unsustainable developmental activities. Production processes carried at high energy inputs, discharge of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater coupled with runoff from agricultural fields leads to the build-up of toxic inorganic pollutants like heavy metals and reactive nitrogenous species (RNS) into the water bodies. Intake of water contaminated with heavy metals and nitrogenous ions (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) by humans and other life forms causes disruption of numerous metabolic activities which can lead to neurological, cardiovascular, renal and other ailments. Of the technologies available for remediating contaminated water, phytoremediation using aquatic plants is promising because of its low cost compared to conventional physical or chemical methods, fewer negative effects and suitability for removal of pollutants on a large scale. Water remediation by macrophytes can be greatly enhanced by selection of appropriate plant species which is based on the types of elements to be remediated, the geographic location, microclimate, hydrologic conditions, known accumulation capacities of the species etc. Phytoremediation is an economical, eco-friendly and aesthetically pleasing technology that makes the use of plant systems to remove and/or detoxify pollutants from the water environment.