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    Sustainability, Risk and Future Challenges in Agricultural Economics
    (A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
    Agricultural economics has traditionally focused on improving productivity, efficiency and farm incomes through better allocation of scarce resources. However, in the contemporary context, the discipline faces a far more complex and demanding task. Agriculture today operates under mounting pressures arising from environmental degradation, climate variability, market volatility, demographic changes and technological disruptions. Sustainability and risk have emerged as central themes shaping agricultural decision-making at farm, regional, national and global levels. This chapter presents an in-depth academic discussion on sustainability, risk and future challenges in agricultural economics. It examines the concept of sustainability in its economic, environmental and social dimensions; analyzes different forms of risk inherent in agriculture; and explores how farmers, institutions and policymakers respond to uncertainty. The chapter also reflects on emerging challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, globalization, technological transformation and inequality.
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    Cost of Cultivation, Returns and Farm Profitability Analysis
    (A K INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION, 2026) Shazia Noor, Priyanshi Gupta, Mohammad Danish Hussain
    Cost of cultivation and farm profitability analysis form the backbone of agricultural economics and farm management studies. While agricultural production is often viewed through the lens of yields and output, the true success of farming lies in its economic viability. Farmers operate under conditions of limited resources, uncertain weather, fluctuating market prices and rising input costs. In such a scenario, understanding the cost structure of cultivation, estimating returns accurately and analysing profitability are essential for informed decision-making. This chapter presents an in-depth academic discussion on the concepts, components and methods of cost of cultivation, returns and farm profitability analysis. It explores different cost concepts, measurement of returns, indicators of profitability, enterprise-wise analysis and their relevance in practical farm management. The chapter also discusses how cost and return analysis supports technology adoption, crop planning, risk management and policy formulation.