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Scholarly Publications by Integral Academia
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Item Advances in Hair Care Products Utilizing Pharmaceutical Technology(Bentham Science, 2025) Farogh Ahsan, Tarique Mahmood, Abdul Rahman Khan, Shahzadi Bano, Jamal Akhtar AnsariHair care has evolved significantly due to advances in pharmaceutical technology. This abstract highlights recent developments in hair care products, focusing on their integration with pharmaceutical technology to effectively address various hair-related concerns. Advanced drug delivery systems tailored for scalp application enable targeted delivery of active ingredients, maximizing therapeutic effects. Nanotechnology, including nanoemulsions and nanoparticles, enhances ingredient solubility and bioavailability in formulations. Personalized solutions for scalp conditions such as dandruff and hair loss have emerged from extensive research, offering tailored treatment options. Multifunctional formulations cleanse and condition hair and provide therapeutic benefits like scalp nourishment and environmental protection. Novel delivery systems like microencapsulation prolong ingredient efficacy. Furthermore, pharmaceutical technology has played a pivotal role in the development of personalized hair care solutions. Through extensive research, scientists have gained insights into the complex mechanisms underlying various scalp conditions, Not such as dandruff, hair loss, and scalp inflammation. This knowledge has paved the way for the customization of hair care products tailored to individual needs, offering targeted treatment and optimal results. Continued research promises further advancements in formulation design and delivery systems, offering even greater efficacy in meeting diverse hair care needs. In conclusion, the synergy between hair care and pharmaceutical technology has revolutionized the landscape of hair care products. With continued research and innovation, further advancements in formulation design and delivery systems are anticipated, promising even greater efficacy and versatility in addressing diverse hair care needs.Item Lupeol as Antimicrobial Agent(CRC Press, 2025) Tahmeena Khan, Shahla Tanveer, Kulsum Hashmi, Ekhlakh Veg, Mohammad Imran Ahmad, Nidhi MishraNatural products have a vital role in maintaining human health, and terpenoids, owing to their inimitable carbon skeletons, have different functions. They have diverse properties like anti-inflam-matory, antioxidant, and antiviral (Wang et al., 2024). Rotundic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene has shown anticancer effect (Bhuia et al., 2024), Traditional herbs like Ganoderma lucidum and gin-seng are also rich sources of triterpenoids (Noushahi et al., 2022). Natural triterpenoids, also called phytosterols, have gained popularity because of their diverse hiological effects (Ovesná et al., 2004; Fatma & Siddique, 2023) Triterpenes, a broad class of naturally occurring chemicals with signifi-cant applications, are made by arranging squalene epoxide in a chair-chair-chair-boat configura-tion and then allowing condensation to occur (Liby et al., 2007; Siddique & Fatma, 2024). As with cholesterol in animal cell membranes, free triterpenes stabilize phospholipid bilayers in plant cell membranes, making them significant structural elements of plant membranes. A carbon-carbon double bond, usually in the sterol nucleus and occasionally in the alkyl side chain, is present in most triterpenes, which have 28 or 29 carbons (Moreau et al., 2002). Triterpenes occur naturally in human diets. The pentacyclic triterpene lupeol is unique in its range of pharmacological activities. Among these are hepatitis, gastroprotective, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and other properties (Maurya et al. 2020, 2022; Cruz-Salas et al., 2023; Khan et al., 2023) Fruits, vegetables, and cereals are the main sources of triterpenes. Although the typical daily intake of triterpenes inItem Beneficial Hepatoprotective Effect of Triterpene Lupeol: Present Status and Future Perspectives(CRC Press, 2025) Tahmeena Khan, Shahla Tanveer, Kulsum Hashmi, Saman Raza, Nidhi Mishra, Abdul Rahman KhanThe liver is a crucial organ that performs different tasks, like storing, metabolizing, and detoxi-fying endogenous and foreign chemicals (Dezső et al., 2024). Liver or hepatic diseases pose a major threat to human beings; for example, liver cirrhosis shares a burden of 2.4% of total global deaths (Feng et al., 2024). Although marked advancements have been made in modern medicine, there is a need to develop safe medicines that are less harmful to treating liver diseases based on phytochemicals (Rodríguez-Negrete et al., 2024). Hepatic diseases, different cancers of the bile duct, liver cells, or hepatocellular carcinoma can be caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, or C. Consumption of alcohol or drug abuse may also lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver (Gupta et al., 2024). To treat terminal or high-grade liver disease, liver transplantation is usually adopted (Brahmania et al., 2024). Administered drugs, based on their dose and duration, can also cause hepatotoxicity (Singh et al., 2024; Zhu et al., 2024). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also causes metabolic imbalance, leading to liver damage (Singh et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2023a; Galicia-Moreno et al., 2024). When the liver's regenerative potential decreases, it may lead to cirrhosis or persistent damage (Ashmore-Harris et al., 2024). Liver diseases involve changes in the flourishing and growth of healthy microbes, leading to the compromised gut barrier, which causes the outflow of toxic metabolites in the portal vein system, leaching up to the liver and subsequently upsetting bile acid metabolism and accumulation of fat.Item Novel Drug Development Strategies- A Case Study With SARS-CoV-2(Bentham Science, 2021) Iqbal Azad, Tahmeena Khan, Mohammad Irfan Azad, Abdul Rahman KhanThe current epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a major health crisis in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 has spike protein, polyproteins, nucleoproteins, and membrane proteins with RNA polymerase, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, glycoprotein, and accessory proteins. These are probable targets to be explored for the discovery of antiviral agents, still, to date, no definite treatment or vaccine has been discovered. Virtual screening with molecular docking has its advantage to speed up the drug development procedure in an accurate manner. In this chapter, novel computational strategies for drug discovery have been elaborated. Docking tools and drug filtering rules which may efficiently assist the drug development procedure and channelize the whole process in the right direction have also been discussed. A case study with 322 natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic derivatives of citric acid (2-hydroxy-1,2- 3-propane tricarboxylic acid), in search of a potential lead molecule to combat the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has been elaborated. The derivatives were explored from the PubChem database. The obtained library of compounds was filtered through Lipinski’s rules, out of which, 74 obeyed the rule and were further subjected to molecular docking investigation against the SARS-CoV-2 replicase polyprotein 1a or pp1a (ID: 6LU7), with AutoDock Vina and iGEMDOCK. Deptropine possessed the highest binding affinity, in terms of released binding energy (-7.4 kcal/mol), against the SARS-CoV-2 replicase polyprotein 1a.Item Antibiotic Pollution: Challenges and Strategies(Bentham Science, 2021) Saman Raza, Tahmeena KhanAntibiotics have been used as antimicrobial agents to fight a variety of infectious diseases, for the past more than 100 years. Apart from this, they are also extensively used in animal farming, agriculture, and aquaculture, all over the world. However, this frequent and large-scale overuse and incorrect use lead to the excessive dispersal of antibiotics in water and soil, resulting in their accumulation in the environment, which is known as antibiotic pollution. The removal of antibiotics from water and soil is complicated due to their non-biodegradable nature, and special techniques must be used for the same. This pollution has serious implications on both human health and the ecological balance. The major adverse effect is antibiotic resistance, wherein, microbes become less susceptible to treatment with antibiotics, posing problems for both the patient and the physician. This chapter describes the causes and consequences of antibiotic pollution, the challenges it presents, and the strategies to counter them.Item Studies on Polymeric Ceramic Composite Membranes for Water Treatment(Bentham Science, 2021) Fakhra Jabeen, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Miad Ali SiddiqEnvironmental chemistry is the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment for understanding the diverse issues related to human health and resource conservation. These significant effects may be felt on a global scale, through the presence of water pollutants or toxic substances arising from chemical waste. The increasing world population, rapid industrialization, and human activities have resulted in higher water demand throughout the world. The fast spread of contamination problems worldwide and their effects on the natural resources of water led to the evolution of environmental chemistry. This evolution relies on the different membranes technology to facilitate the scientific investigations on the contamination extent and optimize remediation efforts. Polymeric ceramic composite membranes comprise a captivating field of membrane separation technology. Rapid development and innovation have been done in the modification of these membranes. These membranes have superiority in terms of high temperature and chemical resistance, higher chemical, and mechanical stability, and have higher longevity. All these outstanding features have made these membranes ideal for water treatment and desalination applications. This chapter is a review of the development, and the use of polymer composite membranes in treating wastewater. A brief description of synthesizing these membranes through different routes is given and is reviewed critically.Item Green Chemistry: Making Chemistry Environment-Friendly(Bentham Science, 2021) Sangeeta Bajpai, Saman Raza, Iqbal Azad, Tahmeena KhanChemistry is all around the universe. Green chemistry underpins the enormous social and technological changes in the future. Beginning from eco-friendly chemical synthesis to green catalyst via green chemical reactions, it finds a good correlation with the environment, taking biosynthesis and biomimetic principles into consideration. Widespread interest in this field is seen today among scientists. Considering the present scenario of “The age of tools”, the compatibility with technology today is of utmost importance. Green chemistry is one of the powerful tools to cut the Gordian knot of pollution by reducing chemicals in the surroundings to make them eco-friendly. This chapter emphasizes the various aspects of green chemistry, from its principles to its applications, leading to a sustainable eco-friendly future.Item Basics of Drug Designing Through Small Organic Molecules and Their Toxicological Impact on The Environment(Bentham Science, 2021) Mohd Azhar Khan, Arif Ali, Fakhra Jabeen, Malik Nasibullah, Tahmeena Khan, Musheer Ahmad, Qazi Inamur RahmanIn the most basic sense, drug design involves designing molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact, and therefore will bind to it. The therapeutic potential of an organic molecule-based chemotherapeutic candidate is influenced by the basic functional groups, where the stereo-arrangement and stereo-selectivity of groups enhance the therapeutic benefits. Stereo-selective organic molecules in different configurations show diverse activity, such as (R) and (S) enantiomers of ibuprofen are effective pain killers but only (S) naproxen has inflammatory activity. Similarly, the transformation of diethyl stilbesterol has potential estrogenic activity and not the cis form. The softness or hardness of drugs depends on the functionality of organic molecules; mostly, the presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups improves the softness. This chapter deals with effective drug designing, including the structure-activity relationship and the influence of various functional groups on the activity of a drug compound. The toxicological impact of drugs on the environment has also been explored. In recent times, it has been successfully studied that residue of drugs could enter the ecosystem through the water channel. It directly or indirectly impacts soil, groundwater, and surface water, and creates environmental and health problemsItem Role of Artificial Intelligence in Teaching and Learning Chemical Sciences(Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd. Singapore, 2024) Shahla Tanveer, Mariyam Tanveer, Ayesha TanveerArtificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing our everyday tasks, and education has certainly not been left behind. AI harnesses technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and deep learning, to execute tasks and elevate our problem-solving capabilities. The infinite possibilities that arise due to interactions between atoms and molecules further leading to bond formation are nearly impossible for a human to comprehend. Thus, AI is playing a vital role in understanding chemistry by accelerating research, designing novel molecules, and optimizing processes. AI plays a diverse role, from assisting in drug discovery research to identifying new drug targets to supporting personalized learning experiences that aid students in their learning journeys. AI-powered adaptive learning system identifies a student’s performance and tailor the learning requirements accordingly. Students receive real-time feedback and personalised content helping them to understand the concepts more easily. AI is being used to develop interactive simulations and customized learning programs to help students learn chemistry more efficiently. Virtual laboratories driven by AI provide a safe and reachable environment for hands-on experience. This allows students to be inquisitive about chemical reactions, molecular structures, and their spectroscopic analysis in a risk-free environment. Some examples include Chat GPT, which helps create a customized learning experience for students while helping them answer their queries, an AI-powered tutoring system known as Socratic, which helps the students learn chemistry concepts, and Molecules in Motion (an AI-powered simulation) to inspect the behaviour of molecules. This chapter discusses how the union of AI and chemical sciences has accelerated innovation in the field of chemistry and can further improve learning outcomes.Item Chemistry of ionic liquid with its classification and applications(Elsevier, 2023) Arif Ali, Saima Kamaal Mohd Muslim , Musheer Ahmad, Mohd Afzal, Saleem Javed, Qazi Inamur RahmanIonic liquids have had a wide range of impact in every field of science and technology. Ionic liquids have great potential at academic and industrial levels. The Protonic nature of ionic liquids (ILs) generates electrons at very low irradiation of light. In water splitting, imidazole based ILs generate electron and oxidation-reduction processes occurring and produce hydrogen fuel from water. Cationic and anionic parts are getting a lot of attention in the application of electrochemical processes. ILs are liquid below 100 °C that mobilized ion in the solution. Beyond electrochemical applications, the functionality of ILs is good adsorbent for harmful organic compounds through post-combustion catalysis and also used for extraction, energy production, reproduction of water and so on. ILs may also be useful in organic synthesis instead of organic catalysts such as catalytic conversion of CO2, alkylation, substitution, elimination, acylation, oxidation, addition, esterification, condensation, and halogenation. Because of green synthesis of ILs, these are less toxic in nature.