Pyrazolone Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacological Evaluations as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Abstract

Pyrazolone, a key pyrazole derivative, has attracted significant attention from medicinal chemists for decades owing to its strong anti-inflammatory properties, serving as a foundational scaffold for novel drug development. This review traces the progression of pyrazolone-based research, emphasizing its incorporation into bioactive hybrids aimed at enhancing therapeutic efficacy beyond that of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Global studies underscore pyrazolone’s effectiveness in managing inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases, arthritis, and pain, especially in cases where standard treatments are limited by adverse effects such as gastrointestinal toxicity and cardiovascular risks. Green synthetic methodologies, including microwave- and ultrasound-assisted techniques, have streamlined the production of pyrazolone derivatives, generating diverse compound libraries with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Emerging research trends focus on pyrazolone hybrids combined with flavonoids, sulfonamides, and metal chelators, which hold promise for expanded clinical applications.