Essential Oils from Cymbopogon Flexuosus: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Applications, And Cultivation

Abstract

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemongrass, is an aromatic plant widely appreciated for its diverse therapeutic, culinary, and industrial applications. Belonging to the Poaceae family, this herb is a rich source of essential oils (EOs), primarily citral, which is extensively used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and the flavor industry. Historically used in traditional medicine, lemongrass exhibits a broad spectrum of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insect-repellent properties. Its cultivation spans tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with India being a major producer and exporter. Recent research emphasizes the potential of its EOs as a natural alternative to synthetic additives in both human and animal health. This chapter highlights the biosynthesis, extraction and impact of plant growth retardants on the production of essential oil. It also explores the taxonomy, morphology, phytochemical composition, cultivation practices, pharmacological relevance, and global economic importance of C. flexuosus, advocating its role in sustainable agriculture and natural product development.