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Essential Oils from Cymbopogon Flexuosus: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Applications, And Cultivation
(Book Rivers, 2026) Nargis Aftab, Ahamad Faiz Khan
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemongrass, is an aromatic plant widely appreciated for its diverse therapeutic, culinary, and industrial applications. Belonging to the Poaceae family, this herb is a rich source of essential oils (EOs), primarily citral, which is extensively used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and the flavor industry. Historically used in traditional medicine, lemongrass exhibits a broad spectrum of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insect-repellent properties. Its cultivation spans tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with India being a major producer and exporter. Recent research emphasizes the potential of its EOs as a natural alternative to synthetic additives in both human and animal health. This chapter highlights the biosynthesis, extraction and impact of plant growth retardants on the production of essential oil. It also explores the taxonomy, morphology, phytochemical composition, cultivation practices, pharmacological relevance, and global economic importance of C. flexuosus, advocating its role in sustainable agriculture and natural product development.
Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Advances in Breast Cancer
(Book Rivers, 2026) Heena Bano, Rahul Singh
Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with multifactorial etiologies encompassing genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. It stands as one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women worldwide, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation within the breast tissue. Advances in molecular biology have uncovered significant insights into tumorigenesis, including the pivotal roles of genes such as BRCA1/2, p53, and HER2, alongside critical pathways like apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Contemporary diagnostic approaches integrate traditional methods such as mammography with sophisticated genomic profiling to enable early detection and personalized treatment planning. Therapeutic strategies have evolved from conventional chemotherapy and surgery to include targeted therapies and immunotherapy, enhancing treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and treatment side effects persist. This chapter aims to provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms underlying breast cancer development, molecular diagnostics, current therapeutic interventions, and emerging treatment paradigms.
Physical Properties, Extraction, Stability, and Applications of Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana
(Book Rivers, 2026) Farhana Trannum, Soban Ahmad Faridi
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, commonly known as the "sweet herb of Paraguay," is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family renowned for its intensely sweet glycosides—primarily stevioside and rebaudioside A—which are over 200 times sweeter than sucrose. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Stevia’s botanical origin, chemical constituents, agronomic potential, and diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Emphasis is placed on the plant’s health-promoting attributes, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which have elevated its status as a safe, natural alternative to synthetic sweeteners. In addition to reviewing traditional and modern extraction techniques—such as hot water, solvent extraction, supercritical CO₂, and microwave-assisted extraction—the chapter explores the metabolic fate and digestibility of steviol glycosides in the human gastrointestinal system. With increasing global demand and regulatory approvals in countries such as the U.S., Japan, and India, Stevia presents substantial opportunities for sustainable agriculture, public health, and the development of functional food products. The chapter concludes by highlighting its potential for commercialization and the need for further optimization of extraction and formulation strategies.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): Microbial Production, Properties, Extraction and Biomedical Applications
(Book Rivers, 2026) Anuj Yadav, Roohi
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a member of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) family, is a biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastic polymer synthesized by a diverse range of bacteria under nutrient-limiting conditions. This chapter explores the structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis pathways, physiological roles, and microbial sources of PHB. The ability of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to produce PHB from various carbon sources makes it a promising alternative to petrochemical plastics. The metabolic pathways involved in PHB synthesis and degradation, including key enzymes such as PhbA, PhbB, and PhbC are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter examines the multifunctional role of PHB in microbial stress tolerance and its potential in biomedicine, particularly in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Different methods for PHB extraction, including solvent and surfactantbased techniques, are evaluated for their efficiency and environmental impact. With its wide range of applications, PHB stands at the forefront of sustainable materials research and development.
Natural Bioactives for Skin Therapeutics: Cydonia oblonga and Cyanobacteria-Based Approaches
(Book Rivers, 2026) Anjeeta Singh, Kaiser Younis
Scytonemin, a lipid-soluble indole-alkaloid pigment synthesized by certain cyanobacteria, has emerged as a potent natural UVscreening compound with strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Its unique chemical structure enables absorption across a broad UV spectrum, particularly in the UVA range, making it highly effective in preventing oxidative damage and photoaging. This chapter explores the mechanisms of UV protection offered by scytonemin and the various strategies for its integration into topical skin formulations. Special emphasis is placed on nanoemulsion-based delivery systems, which improve solubility, enhance dermal penetration, and ensure stability. By combining natural photoprotective efficacy with advanced formulation technologies, scytonemin offers a promising alternative to conventional synthetic sunscreens, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable, biocompatible skincare solutions. The chapter also addresses formulation parameters, safety profiles, and regulatory considerations, paving the way for the development of next-generation cosmeceuticals rooted in nature and supported by science.