Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various novel formulations targeting Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Extracellular amyloid-(A) plaques and neurofibrillary in the intracellular environment are defining characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuronal death, and synaptic loss, all of which contribute to progressive cognitive impairment. Age is the most significant risk factor for AD, with AD prevalence exponentially increasing after age 65. As the average lifespan in emerging countries rises, it is anticipated that the total prevalence of AD will double during the next 20 years. Effective drug delivery to the target tissue, constant therapeutic drug concentrations, a lowering in dosing quantity and frequency, and increased patient compliance are all qualities of ideal drug delivery systems which depend on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic of Various novel formulations Targeting AD. Currently different formulations of Donepezil Hydrochloride; Memantine Hydrochloride are available in market such tablets orally disintegrant, Capsule extended release and lots of attempts are going on in term of different delivery system like liposomal drug delivery, nose to brain delivery system, nanoformulations having different nanocarriers for the treatment of AD. Fate of all the novel formulations depends on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug substances. Pharmacokinetics (PK) studies the disposition of drug molecules in the body, including their concentration patterns and AUC last, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC inf values Pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment looks at how a drug affects the body. includes variations in Emax, EC50, in an Emax-model parameter. A drug must cross the blood brain barriers and be absorbed by the specific tissues in order for it to be effective in treating an Alzheimer patient (as measured by PK studies). To successfully alter the target protein activity in the body (as determined by PD studies), this is required. This chapter will focus on the various novel formulations Targeting AD and its Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics behavior.