Invasion of Humans into Ecology: Studying Urban Patterns and Ecological Functions for Resilient Ecosystems

Abstract

Urban ecosystems are in constant flux driven by intricate interactions between socioeconomic dynamics and biophysical processes that occur at different locations and over varying periods. The central theoretical framework for urban ecology posits that cities are emergent entities shaped by the localized interactions between humans and natural systems. Urbanization presents substantial challenges to ecological integrity, resulting in altered biodiversity, compromised ecosystem functions, and reduced resilience. This chapter aims to investigate the patterns of human encroachment into natural habitats and their consequent impact on ecological functions, with a focus on developing strategies for resilient urban ecosystems. Using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates landscape ecology, urban planning, and environmental science, we analysed global and regional urbanization trends and their ecological consequences. Our findings indicate that urbanization leads to habitat fragmentation, biotic homogenization, and a decline in environmental and ecological services such as carbon (C) sequestration, water regulation, and soil health. To mitigate these challenges, we propose a series of strategies to enhance urban ecosystem resilience, including implementation of green infrastructure, sustainable urban planning policies, and active community involvement. This chapter underscores the importance of collaborative efforts between scientists, urban planners, policymakers, and the public in fostering resilient urban ecosystems capable of withstanding the pressures of urbanization and climate change.