Digital Assessment Strategies: Formative, Summative, and Adaptive Models

Abstract

Education is the foundation of societal development, shaping economic progress through skill enhancement and the creation of sustainable employment opportunities. Beyond economic growth, quality education plays a pivotal role in driving sustainable development, fostering social inclusion, and empowering individuals. Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) seeks to ensure inclusive, equitable, and lifelong learning opportunities for all, making education financing a critical factor in achieving its objectives. This study examines the integration of SDG 4 in the Indian context, focusing on the effectiveness of policies and government initiatives in enhancing education financing for quality improvement. It identifies key challenges such as disparities in access to education, inadequate infrastructure, deficiencies in teaching quality, and variations in learning outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on both primary and secondary data sources, including government reports, academic publications, policy documents, and educational project analyses. The findings highlight the urgent need for increased financial investment, targeted policy reforms, teacher capacity-building programs, and the integration of technology to bridge existing gaps in educational quality and accessibility. The study offers strategic recommendations to strengthen education financing mechanisms, ensuring alignment with SDG 4 goals and fostering a more inclusive and effective education system in India.