Inequality, Poverty, and Inclusive Growth

Abstract

India's struggle with poverty and inequality predates independence, rooted in colonial extraction, feudal land relations, and socio-cultural stratification. Post-independence land reforms were poorly implemented, often reinforcing existing hierarchies. Even in the 21st century, land ownership remains highly skewed. Caste and gender remain deeply entrenched factors determining access to education, employment, and political representation. These historical legacies create structural barriers that perpetuate poverty, particularly among SCs, STs, and Muslims.