Neuroinflammation and Immunomodulation Via Nano- Therapeutics

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is a characteristic of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. The key processes that cause it are: microglial and astrocytic inflammation, cytokine production imbalance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysfunction of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). The traditional therapy measures are not effective since the trip rarely enters into the BBB, there is always a possibility of toxicity in the body, and the target is not selective. Drug delivery strategies developed through nanotechnology will provide new solutions because it allows the targeted delivery to the CNS, regulated drug release and a controllable response to the immune system. Lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, inorganic nanomaterials, dendrimers, and nanogels have shown efficacy in preclinical studies with lowering of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased antioxidant defenses, silencing of pathogenic genes, as well as repair of BBB integrity. Initial clinical trials on nanoformulations of curcumin, methylprednisolone, and glatiramer acetate show have shown enhanced safety, as well as therapeutic outcome in nanoformulations over traditional medications. Nevertheless, the issue of toxicity, lasting biodistribution and regulatory standardization continues to be such stumbling blocks. New directions related to biomimetic nanocarriers, stimuli-sensitive systems, and CRISPR based nano-delivery vectors appear to promise accuracy in nanomedicine in relation to neuroinflammation. The present review summarizes the molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation, current nano-therapies, preclinical and clinical data, and the challenges and future directions that are necessary to convert nanomedicine to clinical neurotherapies.