Advancements in Powertrain Architectures and Energy Management Strategies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: A Mechanical Engineering Perspective

Abstract

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the revolutionary developments in electric and hybrid vehicle powertrain technologies from 2020 to 2025. The analysis reveals that series-parallel hybrid systems have achieved market dominance with 89% growth in 2024, while advanced energy management strategies demonstrate potential for 20-35% overall system efficiency improvements. The integration of emerging technologies such as solid-state batteries with 750-mile range potential and multi-phase motor architectures achieving 10% efficiency gains represents a paradigm shift toward sustainable transportation solutions. From a mechanical engineering perspective, the field faces critical challenges in thermal management system design, vibration control for in-wheel motor applications, and the integration of advanced power electronics with traditional mechanical systems.