Towards a Circular Economy: Regulatory Challenges in E-Waste Governance in India

Abstract

The exponential growth of electronic waste (e-waste) presents one of the most pressing environmental and legal challenges of the 21st century. This chapter explores the complex legal landscape governing sustainable e-waste management through a dual lens: international frameworks, particularly the Basel Convention and European Union directives, and the evolving domestic regime in India. It analyzes the efficacy of current regulations in addressing the environmental, health, and socio-economic implications of e-waste, while also highlighting the gaps between legislative intent and implementation. Emphasis is placed on the principles of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), circular economy, and sustainable development as key drivers for regulatory reform. Furthermore, the chapter critically evaluates India’s E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, examining their alignment with global best practices and their capacity to operationalize sustainable waste governance. By integrating doctrinal analysis with policy insights, this study contributes to the discourse on harmonizing environmental protection with technological progress, and offers forward-looking recommendations for a robust and enforceable e-waste management regime.