Shom Prakash Kushwaha, Syed Misbahul Hasan, Manisha Pandey, Kuldeep Singh, Arun Kumar, Poonam Kushwaha, Abdul Hafeez, Sahil Hussain, Ambreen Shoaib2025-11-072025978-981-96-8974-3https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8975-0_1http://136.232.12.194:4000/handle/123456789/1477Book: Bacterial Biofilm and Chronic Infections: Role in Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies  Editors: Awanish KumarThis chapter gives an overall picture of bacterial biofilm production and its clinical relevance in chronic infections. It discusses the underlying mechanisms of biofilm formation, such as microbial adhesion, production of extracellular polymeric substances, and the formation of multicellular three-dimensional architecture. The discussion also delves into the structural and physiological heterogeneity of the biofilms, highlighting nutrient, oxygen, and metabolic gradients as crucial factors increasing resistance against antimicrobial agents and host immune mechanisms. Divergent research methodologies for biofilm studies, such as in vitro, in vivo, and sophisticated analytical methods, are critically examined for both strengths and weaknesses. The chapter is concluded with an examination of existing challenges in detecting and eliminating biofilms, new anti-biofilm therapeutic interventions, and promising research frontiers that emphasize the significance of interdisciplinary research in solving biofilm-related chronic infections.en-USBacterialBiofilmAntimicrobialResistancePolybacterialInfectionBook chapter