Garvit Verma , Ayeesha Khatoon, Aisha Kamal2026-05-082026978-0-443-33216-6https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-33216-6.00004-8http://136.232.12.194:4000/handle/123456789/1818Nanoscience and Nano-Formulations for Sustainable Vegetable Crop Production Edited by: Azamal HusenThis chapter explores the diverse impacts of nano-formulations, such as nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-coatings, and nano-sensors on vegetable crops, focusing on their morpho-physiological, anatomical, and molecular responses. Nano-particles (NPs), owing to their nano-scale size, enhanced surface properties, and controlled-release behavior, enable targeted delivery of nutrients and protective agents. Their application has been shown to improve seed germination, vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and nutritional quality in various vegetables. At the anatomical level, NPs influence root architecture, vascular development, and leaf structure, which collectively enhance water and nutrient uptake. Molecular studies reveal that NPs modulate gene expression linked to stress signaling, antioxidant defense, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Importantly, nano-enabled interventions also contribute to improved abiotic stress tolerance and post-harvest preservation by reinforcing plant defense systems and inhibiting microbial spoilage. However, these advancements are accompanied by critical challenges, including phytotoxicity at high doses, oxidative stress, potential genotoxicity, and adverse effects on soil microbial ecology. The chapter highlights the variability in plant responses based on nano-particle type, size, concentration, and species-specific factors. It also emphasizes the urgent need for standardized risk assessment frameworks, long-term field studies, and regulatory guidelines to ensure safe and effective application. By synthesizing current research and identifying knowledge gaps, this chapter provides a comprehensive perspective on the promise and pitfalls of nanotechnology in vegetable crop production, paving the way for responsible innovation in sustainable agriculture.en-USBioscienceBook chapter